瞬态冲击载荷作用下舵板结构的疲劳寿命预测

通过开展材料性能试验与分析,获取材料的循环应力-应变曲线,采用不同方法对Manson-Coffin公式中的疲劳常数进行估算,对R≠–1的应变-寿命曲线进行修正。运用雨流计数法计算得到结构的载荷谱,采用Neuber近似解法求出舵板结构的局部应力应变。分别应用道林公式和兰德格拉夫公式2种方法计算结构的累计损伤效应,并对2种方法的计算结果进行对比分析。提出采用应变能等效原则开展试件的疲劳寿命试验方法,试验结果与仿真计算结果较为近似。     

瞬态冲击载荷作用下舵板结构的疲劳寿命预测

通过开展材料性能试验与分析,获取材料的循环应力-应变曲线,采用不同方法对Manson-Coffin公式中的疲劳常数进行估算,对R≠–1的应变-寿命曲线进行修正.运用雨流计数法计算得到结构的载荷谱,采用Neuber近似解法求出舵板结构的局部应力应变.分别应用道林公式和兰德格拉夫公式2种方法计算结构的累计损伤效应,并对2种方法的计算结果进行对比分析.提出采用应变能等效原则开展试件的疲劳寿命试验方法,试验结果与仿真计算结果较为近似.     

k_0固结饱和黏土的动剪切模量与阻尼比试验研究

开展一系列k_0固结饱和黏土的动三轴试验,研究了围压、初始静偏应力、加载历史3种因素对动剪模量-动应变(G-γ)和阻尼比-动应变(λ-γ)关系曲线的影响,并利用Hardin Drnevich公式对试验获得的G-γ关系进行了分析。结果表明,k_0固结黏土的G/Gmax-γ曲线与围压无关;G-γ曲线随初始静偏应力水平的增加逐渐下移,λ-γ曲线随初始静偏应力水平的增加逐渐上移;以累积应变作为加载历史的度量,初始动剪模量G′随不同累积应变的增大逐渐减小,并呈现良好的线性规律;不同累积应变条件下的G-γ关系可用初始动剪模量G′作为归一化参数,并具有良好的归一化特性;累积应变对λ-γ关系影响不大。研究成果可为场地的动力特性评价提供必要参考。     

船舶尾轴架动刚度的测量及应用

采用实验方法对某舰尾轴架进行动刚度测量,得到了前尾轴架的横向动刚度曲线,后尾轴架的横向和纵向动刚度曲线;分析尾轴架的动刚度曲线,可得到尾轴架结构的固有频率.用有限元方法对尾轴架固有频率进行计算,比较表明两结果吻合较好.建立了船舶轴系的有限元模型,轴架支撑处动刚度用广义弹簧-阻尼器系统进行模拟.进行了在横向冲击载荷作用下考虑支承结构动刚度的轴系横向冲击响应计算.     

特种材料球鼻艏抗冲击特性数值研究

为探讨球鼻艏结构的抗冲击性能,采用数值手段对典型球鼻艏结构进行一体化建模,基于Abaqus的声固耦合法模拟水下非接触爆炸载荷与球鼻艏结构的相互作用,提取设计工况下的球鼻艏典型部位的冲击响应结果。结果表明：钛合金材料极大提高了球鼻艏结构的局部抗冲击性能,但在遭受水下非接触爆炸载荷时,仍出现了明显的塑性变形;球鼻艏底部钢结构由于采用纵横肘板进行支持,具有优异的安全性;随着冲击因子的增加,球鼻艏结构的应力近似呈线性增长,而塑性应变曲线随着冲击因子的增加呈指数曲线增加。     

空中爆炸载荷作用下舰船水密门抗冲击分析

选取典型空中爆炸载荷工况,应用ls-dyna实时模拟空中爆炸载荷,研究不同结构形式对水密门冲击响应的影响。通过对2种结构水密门设备分别进行抗冲击实例计算,实现了水密门结构在空爆冲击下的运动响应过程。对比研究结构最大应力、应变特征参数,分析得出不同结构水密门最大应力位置规律及结构冲击特点,获取水密门设备最大响应位移,指出板架加强结构可以有效地减小水密门整体最大应变值和最大位移,为舰载设备抗冲击分析、优化设计提供技术路径。     

CCS-B船用钢的动态力学性能探究

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆实验设备,对CCS-B船用钢试件进行了3种不同冲击压力作用下的冲击试验,通过自编程序,得到入射波、反射波和透射波的起点,由三波法计算得到了不同应变率下材料的动态力学性能曲线。通过与材料的静态力学比较分析,表明CCS-B船用钢在中高速冲击载荷作用下,其屈服强度具有应变率敏感性;比较了不同冲击速度下材料的动态力学性能,结果表明材料力学性能与高应变率具有相关性,即材料的屈服强度随应变率的增加而增大。     

冲击载荷下海洋石油平台直升机场结构安全性计算分析

考虑到直升机紧急着陆工况下冲击载荷对海洋石油平台直升机场的作用时最为不利,且该工况下的结构响应复杂的问题,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对其进行动静态分析。结果表明:直升机场结构在冲击载荷静态作用下满足强度要求,结构受力最大部位在直升机后机轮着陆位置,纵向支撑桁架及直升机场固定端位置应力水平较高;常见风、浪环境载荷频率远离直升机场结构自振频率,结构发生共振的可能性较小;在冲击载荷瞬间作用下直升机场结构满足强度要求,应力及变形呈现波动特征。     

冲击载荷作用下预紧力螺栓强度特性研究

对冲击载荷作用下的预紧力螺栓进行强度分析,对比分析螺栓联接结构在横向冲击和纵向冲击以及不同预紧力和不同冲击载荷工况下的螺栓强度和结构响应,验算了某舰用汽缸在冲击载荷作用下的螺栓强度。研究表明,螺栓联接在冲击载荷作用下,螺栓的应力响应随着预紧力的变化而变化,且受剪螺栓的预紧应力在其材料屈服极限的40%左右时,其强度最大;受拉螺栓的强度会随着其预紧力的增大而变薄弱;同时受剪拉作用的螺栓,当预紧应力在其材料屈服极限的40%左右时,其强度最大。     

冲击载荷作用下Q345钢失效应变与单元尺寸关系研究

冲击载荷作用下结构的损伤破坏仿真计算中，材料的失效应变取值与单元尺寸具有很大的关系。为建立冲击载荷作用下结构失效应变与单元尺寸之间的关系，本文以开展的Q345B钢各类力学性能试件（压缩、扭转、拉伸等）获取的材料失效应变为依据，借助数值仿真手段，研究各类试件网格尺寸对失效应变影响关系，并进一步依托开展的弹体穿甲试验、简单方板冲击试验、近场爆炸下舰船毁伤破坏试验，建立三类典型冲击问题中单元失效应变取值与尺寸之间的对应关系。计算结果表明：网格尺寸对单元失效应变的影响主要在于单元尺寸可改变结构变形过程中局部塑性变形分布区域的分布度；不同冲击载荷作用下，由于所使用的单元类型及受力状态存在一定的差异，需针对各类冲击问题分别建立单元失效应变与网格尺寸之间的关系。研究成果可为后续数值仿真计算中单元失效应变的选取提供指导。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the behavior of ship windows subjected to quasi-static pressure loads

High load-carrying capacity of ship windows is important for ship safety. This aspect has recently become significant after several incidents with broken windows in superstructures had occurred. In order to get more insight into the failure behavior and into the interaction between glass windows and surrounding wall structure, experiments and numerical investigations of windows subjected to quasi-static as well as impact loads were performed. In this paper quasi-static ultimate load tests with full-scale test models, each containing a clamped or bonded laminated safety glass window, are described. Finite element modeling of the steel structure, laminated glass, and elastomer bonding or gasket is outlined in detail. Material data are based on small-scale tests of steel and glass specimens, and on published data. Afterwards a method to calculate failure probabilities of glass panes under pressure loads is presented. Failure probabilities for the glass panes in the tests are determined and failure mechanisms are clarified. Finally, hints for designing safe windows and for improving window designs are given.     

随机海况下的船体结构疲劳裂纹扩展

传统的疲劳问题一般都是采用S—N曲线及Miner累计损伤理论进行的,文章在基于断裂力学的基础上,通过权函数法来计算应力沿裂纹面的非线性效应力强度因子,鉴于船舶在海洋环境中受到载荷的随机性,充分考虑加载次序、过载峰和应力比等对裂纹扩展的影响,给出了船舶结构疲劳裂纹在随机载荷下的扩展寿命的计算过程。     

碰撞事故时超大型浮体模块连接处荷载特性研究

精确评估模块连接处荷载特性对超大型浮体的水动力设计及结构安全性研究具有重要的工程意义。文章以5模块半潜式超大型浮体为研究对象,考虑碰撞荷载和风、浪、流环境荷载的联合作用并采用AQWA软件对超大型浮体模块连接点处的受力特性开展了数值计算。船舶碰撞荷载简化为矩形脉冲,采用定常风、定常流以及JONSWAP波谱,探讨了船舶碰撞角度、撞击位置、环境荷载等因素对模块连接点受力特性的影响。该文的研究成果可为事故荷载作用时超大型浮体连接器结构设计和强度计算提供一定依据。     

基于设计波的载重3600t干货船结构强度直接计算分析

为准确评估超规范的载重3600t大通舱干货船的弯扭强度及变形水平,采取全船水动力分析及全船有限元直接计算的方法,对各工况下的主要载荷参数进行长期预报,推导出对应等效设计波各参数。根据等效设计波求出各工况全船所受的波浪诱导动载荷,施加到全船有限元模型上,进而对船体弯扭强度及变形水平进行评估。比较了单舱船及货舱中部设一道横舱壁的两舱船,得出单舱船屈曲强度不足的结论,并提出改善屈曲强度的方案。     

Plastic deformation of ship plate subjected to repeated patch loads at different locations - Elastoplastic numerical analysis and design equation

Ship structures may be subjected to repeated random patch loads at different locations. Under these circumstances, ship plates will have large accumulated permanent deformations, which will result in some serious negative effects on their work and safety performance. Therefore, the elasto-plastic response of ship structure under repeated patch loads at different locations are studied by using finite element method. The permanent deformations of plate in the whole loading and unloading process are investigated. In addition, the residual stress and plastic strain states of the panel and stiffeners are studied based on a typical wheel-on-deck interaction scenario. Moreover, according to Hughes's hypothesis, the equivalent method between repeated patch loads at different locations and full uniform pressure load is studied. Considered the influence of plate slenderness, the improved formula for equivalent load coefficient is proposed, showing a good correlation with experimental data and numerical results. The proposed equivalent method can be used for estimating the permanent deformations of ship structures under repeated patch loads at different locations in ship life.     

大型船舶结构的疲劳强度校核方法

传统的船舶结构疲劳强度校核一般只考虑高周疲劳而忽略了低周疲劳。随着船舶结构向大型化发展以及最近海损事故的发生,低周疲劳问题引起了船舶行业的广泛关注。Urm等人于2004年对装卸载引起的油轮船体结构的低周疲劳问题进行了研究,并给出了计算方法,但具体的计算结果没有给出,许多问题没有解决,因此有必要对船舶结构低周疲劳的原因及校核方法进行深入的研究。针对这一问题,首先分析了引起船舶结构低周疲劳的原因;其次,对现有的S-N曲线外推得到低寿命区S-N曲线的可行性进行了分析,并将外推得到的低寿命区段曲线和经过试验验证的低周疲劳寿命曲线进行了比较;最后分析了波浪载荷等引起的小幅疲劳载荷以及满载和压载引起的大幅疲劳载荷导致的疲劳损伤的相互作用,从而提出了一种非线性累积计算模型。     

表征外部爆炸作用下舱段破坏的新型冲击因子研究

基于结构遮挡的冲击波能量提出了一种新型冲击因子.为验证该冲击因子在外部爆炸问题中的适用性,使用CONWEP算法对典型三舱段模型在不同装药工况下的响应进行非线性有限元数值仿真,并采用准静态法计算受损舱段的剩余极限强度.计算结果表明新型冲击因子相比传统冲击因子更适合用于表征外部爆炸作用下结构的整体破坏.对于远场爆炸工况,强力甲板最大位移、舱段塑形应变能和剩余极限强度在新型冲击因子衡量下均显示出较高的一致性.在近场爆炸工况中,由于结构局部变形的影响,计算结果存在一定的离散.     

两级交变载荷下船体结构典型节点疲劳试验研究

江海直达船属于浅吃水大型宽船,往复航经江段和海段,其疲劳问题不容忽视。将江段和海段载荷简化为小和大2级交变载荷,选取较为典型的船底纵骨贯穿横舱壁节点,通过对比试验探讨2级交变载荷对该船疲劳寿命的影响。试验结果表明,在试验工况下,变幅载荷中的大载荷是导致裂纹扩展的主要因素,小载荷的参与会降低大载荷作用下裂纹扩展的速率。采用等效应力法对变幅载荷下节点的疲劳寿命进行评估,发现采用Miner准则所得结果偏保守,采用均方根法所得结果偏危险,采用修正的Miner准则所得结果精度较高,推荐采用该方法评估2级交变载荷下船体结构典型节点的疲劳寿命。     

Long-term correlation structure of wave loads using simulation

This paper proposes a new method for combining the lifetime wave-induced sectional forces and moments that are acting on the ship structure. The method is based on load simulation and can be used to determine the exceedance probabilities of any linear and nonlinear long-term load combination. It can also be used to determine the long-term correlation structure between these loads in the form of the long-term correlation coefficients. They are essential part of the load combination procedures in design and strength evaluations as well as in the fatigue and reliability analysis of ship structures.The simulation method treats the non-stationary wave elevations during the ship’s entire life (long-term) as a sequence of different stationary Gaussian stochastic processes. It uses the rejection sampling technique for the sea state generation, depending on the ship’s current position and the season. Ship’s operational profile is then determined conditional on the current sea state and the ship’s position along its route. The sampling technique significantly reduces the number of sea state-operational profile combinations required for achieving the convergence of the long-term statistical properties of the loads. This technique can even be used in combination with the existing long-term methods in order to reduce the number of required weightings of the short-term CDFs. The simulation method does, however, rely on the assumption that the ship is a linear system, but no assumptions are needed regarding the short-term CDF of the load peaks.The load time series are simulated from the load spectra in each sea state, taking into account the effects of loading condition, heading, speed, seasonality, voluntary as well as involuntary speed reduction in severe sea states and the short-crested nature of the ocean waves. During the simulation procedure, special care has been given to maintaining the correct phase relation between all the loads. Therefore, time series of various load combinations, including the nonlinear ones, can be obtained and their correlation structure examined. The simulation time can be significantly reduced (to the order of minutes rather than hours and days) by introducing the seasonal variations of the ocean waves into a single voyage simulation. The estimate of the long-term correlation coefficient, obtained by simulating only a single voyage with the correct representation of seasonality, approaches the true correlation coefficient in probability. This method can be applied to any ship and any route, or multiple routes as long as the percentage of the ship’s total lifetime spent in each of them is known.A study has been conducted to investigate the effects of ship type, route and the longitudinal position of the loads on the values of the correlation coefficients between six different sectional loads; vertical, horizontal and twisting moments, as well as shear, horizontal and axial forces. Three ocean-going ship types have been considered; bulk carrier, containership and tanker, all navigating on one of the three busy ship routes; North America-Europe, Asia-North America and Asia-Europe. Finally, the correlation coefficient estimates have been calculated for five different positions along the ship’s length to investigate the longitudinal variation of the correlation coefficient.     

基于雨流计数法的高低频复合疲劳试验研究

船体固有频率与遭遇波浪频率及其倍频相接近时,波浪载荷极易引起船体结构产生持续的波激振动现象,对大型船舶结构疲劳损伤的影响达到40 %以上。因此,有必要针对波激振动引起的非线性垂向弯矩载荷特点,开展高低频复合工况下典型切口试件疲劳试验及累计损伤分析研究。基于非线性随机载荷的分析方法,采用闭合雨流计数法提取叠加应力历程中的多级循环载荷,并结合平均应力修正方法和疲劳极限以下SN曲线局部修正法,对叠加应力历程中小载荷的损伤效应展开研究。分析结果表明,高低频载荷叠加产生的附加损伤效应对疲劳寿命的影响显著,在恒定应力比下随平均应力的变化近似成二次函数关系。考虑高频小载荷的叠加应力历程疲劳寿命明显降低,可以通过修正累计损伤临界值或引入应力放大因子,近似的利用线性累积损伤理论预测实际叠加应力历程的寿命范围。