船体结构极限强度模型试验技术研究

船舶结构的极限承载能力是反映船舶结构安全可靠的重要指标,历来受到船舶工程界的广泛关注;而模型试验技术对船体梁极限承载能力研究拥有重要的意义.本文首先对船体极限强度相似模型设计进行研究,提出了稳定性相似模型补偿的设计方法;接着结合多例经典船体梁缩比模型试验与非线性有限元数值仿真计算结果相结合的对船体梁极限承载能力进行预报的案例,分别从相似准则、弯扭组合极限强度、弯剪极限强度等几个不同的侧重点分别对各个案例进行了详细的总结分析;最后列举了本研究组曾开展的其他若干经典极限强度模型试验.为今后船体梁极限承载能力模型试验研究提供了参考.     

循环弯曲载荷下船体梁的极限纵强度

根据生破坏的强度准则，详细讨论了循环弯曲载荷下船体梁的非弹性变形性能。给出了循环弯曲载荷下船体梁极限强度的简化分析方法。进行了纵筋加强箱形薄壁梁模型的循环弯曲试验。理论计算与试验结果作了比较，两者吻合较好。     

联合弯矩作用下含裂纹船体结构剩余极限强度评估方法研究

裂纹损伤对于船体结构来说难以避免,将削弱结构的极限强度,所以研究含裂纹损伤船体结构的剩余极限强度意义重大.对于含裂纹舱段结构,现有的研究主要针对垂向弯矩作用下的剩余极限强度,对于联合弯矩作用下的研究还很欠缺.本文采用非线性有限元分析方法,研究了垂向弯矩和水平弯矩联合作用下含裂纹舱段的剩余极限强度.提出了计算含裂纹船舯舱段在联合弯矩作用下剩余极限强度的计算公式,通过对含裂纹箱型梁的有限元计算结果进行拟合,得到公式中待定系数的表达式.研究结果表明,本文提出的方法可以快速预测船体结构在联合弯矩作用下的剩余极限强度.     

A theory of coupled beams for strength assessment of passenger ships

This paper describes a coupled beam method, which estimates elastic response in the longitudinal bending of a passenger ship with a large multi-deck superstructure. The method can be applied during an early project stage, when detailed three-dimensional finite element modelling is not yet possible. The theory is based on the assumption that each deck in the superstructure and also the main hull can be considered as a thin-walled beam. These beams are coupled to adjacent beams with springs modelling vertical and shear stiffness. The shear effect in the side and deck structures is included with options for large openings. As a result, the method allows for the calculation of the normal stresses and vertical deflections in the arbitrary location of the hull girder. Average longitudinal displacements of deck structures and shear stresses in the side structures can be estimated as well. Simplified structures were analysed in order to validate the coupled beam method against the three-dimensional finite element method.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of the ultimate torsional strength of an ultra large container ship

Structures of ultra large container ships (ULCS) are characterized by large deck openings and low torsional rigidity. It is essential to comprehensively figure out their collapse behaviors under pure torsion with both model experiments and numerical simulations, making an evaluation of their ultimate torsional strength. In this paper, a similar scale model of a 10,000TEU container ship has been designed and manufactured first, in which both geometric similarity and strength similarity are taken into account. Next the collapse behaviors of the test model are detailedly illustrated with both experimentally and numerically obtained results. Then discussions on warping or shear buckling deformations involved in the collapse process of the structure are conducted with extended numerical simulations. Finally, the ultimate torsional strength of the true ship is evaluated according to the similarity theory. Results show that it is the yielding and shear buckling of the side shells that causes the failure of the hull girder under pure torsion. Further nonlinear finite element analysis demonstrates that it may either have warping or shear buckling deformations in the torsional collapse process of the hull girder with a large deck opening, depending on the local rigidity distribution of side shells, which has a significant effect on the ultimate torsional strength of the hull girder.     

考虑应变强化效应海底管道极限承载力研究

文章基于线性强化材料模型,推导了轴向拉力作用下海底管道极限弯矩承载力解析解,给出了海底管道在轴向拉力与弯矩载荷同时作用下的极限承载力的近似解,编制了海底管道极限承载力计算程序BCP。通过与实验结果的比对,验证了解析方法的正确性。结论表明考虑应变强化效应的海底管道极限承载力结算结果更为合理,该文可为海底管道的结构强度设计和安全性评价提供一定的参考依据。     

Ultimate strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads,Part 2: An extension of Smith's method

This paper is the second of two companion papers concerning the ultimate hull girder strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads. The nonlinear finite element analysis in Part 1 has shown that local bending deformation of a double bottom due to bottom lateral loads significantly decreases the ultimate hogging strength of container ships. In this Part 2, extending Smith's method for pure bending collapse analysis of a ship's hull girder, a simplified method of progressive collapse analysis of ultimate hogging strength of container ships considering bottom local loads is developed. The double bottom is idealized as a plane grillage and the rest part of the cross section as a prismatic beam. An average stress-average strain relationship of plate/stiffened plate elements employed in Smith's method is transformed into an average stress-average plastic strain relationship, and implemented in the conventional beam finite element as a pseudo strain hardening/softening behaviors. The extended Smith's method is validated through a comparison with nonlinear finite element analysis.     

Ultimate strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads part 1: Nonlinear finite element analysis

This paper is the first of two companion papers concerning the ultimate hull girder strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads. In the midship part of container ships, upward bottom local loads are usually larger than the downward ones. This leads to the increase of biaxial compression in the outer bottom plating and the reduction of the ultimate hull girder strength in the hogging condition. In this Part 1, the collapse behavior and ultimate strength of container ships under combined hogging moment and bottom local loads are analyzed using nonlinear finite element method. Buckling collapse behavior of bottom stiffened panels during the progressive collapse of a hull girder is closely investigated. It has been found that major factors of the reduction of ultimate hogging strength due to bottom local loads are (1) the increase of the longitudinal compression in the outer bottom and (2) the reduction of the effectiveness of the inner bottom, which is on the tension side of local bending of the double bottom. The obtained results will be utilized in the Part 2 paper to develop a simplified method of progressive collapse analysis of container ships under combined hogging moment and bottom local loads.     

Nonlinear Euler–Bernoulli beam kinematics in progressive collapse analysis based on the Smith's approach

Within the scope of this article a nonlinear kinematics of the two-dimensional, non-shear-deformable and extensible Euler–Bernoulli beam imposed with the planar flexure and/or lengthening/shortening is considered. The complete and exact formulations of the pertinent kinematic response quantities (displacements, curvature and strain) are derived and discussed. Special emphasis is given to the case of the symmetric bending devoid of the external longitudinal force action, since it represents an appropriate idealization of the realistic load cases for the most of the ship and aircraft structures. The relationship between proposed and conventional formulations, i.e. those commonly accepted in the current structural engineering practice and employed by the current progressive collapse analysis methods based on Smith's approach, is discussed throughout the article and illustratively exemplified through the case of the pure symmetric bending of the Euler–Bernoulli cantilever. Finally, implications of the derived formulations pertinent to the progressive collapse analysis methods based on the Smith's approach are discussed.     

半潜式平台关键结构全寿期极限强度预报方法研究

文章基于逐步破坏分析法和有限元计算方法,发展了一种计及材料腐蚀、疲劳裂纹等结构损伤的半潜式海洋平台关键结构全寿期极限强度计算方法。以一服役水深为3000 m半潜式平台为研究对象,选取横撑和立柱局部结构作为研究对象,以不同服役年限下裂纹扩展长度和腐蚀厚度作为变化参数,采用ANSYS软件建立其参数化有限元模型,计算了不同服役年限下半潜式海洋平台关键结构极限强度,在此基础上分析了全寿期内关键结构极限强度随服役年限的变化规律。     

UR S11A及UR S34对超大型集装箱船结构设计的影响

比较国际船级社协会（International Association of Classification Societies，IACS）制定的针对集装箱船总纵强度评估的标准“UR S11A”与集装箱船有限元强度评估工况的最低要求“UR S34”的差异，主要比较总纵强度评估方法、垂向波浪弯矩和垂向波浪剪力公式的差异。结合中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院自主开发设计的某2种类型超大型集装箱船，计算分析UR S11A对集装箱船3个典型位置（船体0.25L，0.50L和0.75L处）纵向结构构件尺寸的影响，特别是对剪切强度的影响。同时，介绍UR S34的一些关键内容。     

不同损伤模式下的单舷侧散货船舷侧板架极限能力研究

对单舷侧散货船板架因装卸货物等受损后的结构极限承载能力的影响进行了研究,采用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS,建立单舷侧散货船板架完整模型和4种损伤模型,进行了舷侧板架在垂向载荷、船体纵向载荷、以及包括剪切和侧向压力的组合载荷作用下的非线性有限元计算。结果表明,因1根肋骨与板材之间连接的不同损伤,导致了相邻的其他肋骨工作应力不同程度的增加,或多或少地削弱了板架的承载能力,尤其在组合载荷的作用下,当一根肋骨的脱焊长度达肋骨长度的2/3时,板架极限承载力可下降15%。     

内河船舶船体梁极限弯曲能力统计特性研究

针对内河船舶船体梁极限弯曲能力的计算与统计特性问题,将影响船体梁极限弯曲能力的主要因素作为随机变量,分别讨论了材料屈服强度与板厚的概率分布参数选取。采用增量迭代方法与改进Rosenblueth方法,计算得到船体梁极限弯曲能力及其分布参数。研究表明,极限弯曲能力计算时可不考虑板厚变异的影响,内河船舶船体梁极限弯曲能力具有统计上的稳定性。     

基于试验获取主应力应变曲线的油船极限强度评估研究(英文)

A geometrically similar scaling was made from small-scale specimen to full-scale stiffened panels and then their collapse behaviour is investigated. It is considered that the stiffened panel compressive ultimate strength test was designed according to geometrical scaling laws so that the output of the test could be used as representative of the stiffened panels of the compressive zone of a tanker hull subjected to vertical bending moment. The ultimate strength of a tanker hull is analysed by a FE analysis using the experimentally developed master stress-strain curves which are obtained by the beam tension test and the compressive test of the stiffened panel, and are then compared with the result achieved by the progressive collapse method.     

Ultimate strength assessment of a tanker hull based on experimentally developed master curves

A geometrically similar scaling was made from small-scale specimen to full-scale stiffened panels and then their collapse behaviour is investigated. It is considered that the stiffened panel compressive ultimate strength test was designed according to geometrical scaling laws so that the output of the test could be used as representative of the stiffened panels of the compressive zone of a tanker hull subjected to vertical bending moment. The ultimate strength of a tanker hull is analysed by a FE analysis using the experimentally developed master stress-strain curves which are obtained by the beam tension test and the compressive test of the stiffened panel, and are then compared with the result achieved by the progressive collapse method.     

散货船碰撞损伤后的剪切极限强度

船体梁受到碰撞损伤后,必须有足够的剩余强度用以抵抗最大外弯矩,同时还需能够承受最大剪力.在众多类型的船舶中,散货船是一种抗剪能力较差的船型.对于其碰撞损伤后纵向剩余极限弯矩的研究已有较多的文献[2-7],而对于碰撞损伤后的剪切极限强度的研究目前还比较少.针对这一现状,本文的主要目的在于分析讨论散货船受到碰撞损伤后的极限承剪能力;分析结构几何尺寸,碰撞损伤形状以及边界条件等各种因素对碰撞破损船体抗剪能力的影响.为了方便起见,文中也给出了相应的回归经验公式.本文同时还推导了一个船体梁碰撞损伤后的初始屈服剪力计算公式.最后,本文以一艘散货船为例,计算分析其碰撞损伤后的抗剪能力,从中得出一些有益的结论.     

Experimental characterization of FRP composite-wood pile structural response by bending tests

A special prefabricated fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite shield or jacket was developed to repair wood piles in the field. Two types of load-transfer mechanisms between the wood pile and the FRP composite shield were developed and tested: (1) cement-based structural grout; and (2) steel shear connectors with an expanding polyurethane chemical grout. The objective of this paper is to characterize the structural response of full-size pre-damaged wood piles repaired with the FRP composite shield system. A three-point bending test procedure was used to simulate the response of a pile subjected to lateral loads. The load-deformation response, deflected shape profile, relative longitudinal displacements (slip), strain distribution, ultimate bending moment capacity and mode of failure were evaluated. Wood piles were pre-damaged by reducing approximately 60% of the cross-section over a portion of the pile. It was found that a pre-damaged wood pile repaired using the FRP composite shield with cement-based grout exceeded the bending capacity of a reference wood pile. The repair system using the FRP composite shield with steel shear connectors and polyurethane grout did not fully restore the bending capacity of a reference wood pile; however it can be used for marine borer protection when wood damage is not critical.     

Design safety margin of a 10,000 TEU container ship through ultimate hull girder load combination analysis

Assessment of the ultimate longitudinal strength of hull girders under combined waveloads can be of particular importance especially for ships with large deck openings and low torsional rigidity. In such cases the horizontal and torsional moments may approach or exceed the vertical bending moment when a vessel progresses in oblique seas. This paper presents a direct calculation methodology for the evaluation of the ultimate strength of a 10,000 TEU container ship by considering the combined effects of structural non-linearities and steady state wave induced dynamic loads on a mid ship section cargo hold. The strength is evaluated deterministically using non-linear nite element analysis. The design extreme values of principal global wave-induced load components and their combinations in irregular seaways are predicted using a cross-spectral method together with short-term and long-term statistical formulations. Consequently, the margin of safety between the ultimate capacity and the maximum expected moment is established.     

最大熵原理在船舶波浪载荷理性预报中的应用

本文介绍最大熵原理及其在船舶波浪载荷理性预报中的应用,详细地叙述了船舶随机波浪弯矩概率密度函数的求取原理与方法,通过二个实际船舶的例子,给出了这二艘船舶随机波浪弯矩概率密度函数及其统计推断值,显现出波浪载荷的理性预报方法及其最大熵方法的良好应用前景.     

纵向弯矩下材料随机特性对复合材料船体可靠性的影响

The effects of stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability of ship hulls made of composite materials under longitudinal moment were extensively studied using reliability and sensitivity calculations of a composite ship hull which was sagging.The reliability indices and failure probabilities of the ship in three kinds of failure modes (buckling,material failure,and ultimate collapse) were calculated by the surface response method and JC method.The importance factors of random variables in stochastic models,such as the model errors in predicting the ultimate longitudinal strength of ship and the longitudinal bending moment that the ship withstands,as well as the stochastic characteristics of materials in the models used,were calculated.Then,the effects of these random variables,including the stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability index and the failure probability of ships which were sagging,were discussed with their importance factors.The results show that the effects of stochastic characteristics of materials on the reliability of ship hulls made of composite materials should be considered during the reliability assessment of composite ships.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations were given for high-speed ship design and safety assessment.