SPH-ALE 方法在数值造波中的应用研究

应用传统的 SPH 方法处理数值造波问题有一定的局限性,波浪在传播过程中由于能量耗散会出现衰减,且粒子压力场存在数值震荡。该文基于 SPH-ALE（Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian）方法,提出了一种适用于黎曼解算法的时间积分方法,详细论述了对自由面粒子的捕捉方法。采用 SPH-ALE 方法分别对规则波传播、强非线性波的破碎、孤立波生成及在斜坡上的破碎进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,该方法可以有效地解决波浪衰减及压力场不稳定问题,并且可以有效捕捉波浪破碎的瞬时形态。     

《三维破碎波波浪数学模型研究与应用》达到国际先进水平

2006年12月26日交通部科教司在天津主持召开了交通部应用基础项目《三维破碎波波浪数学模型研究与应用》成果鉴定会。鉴定专家委员会的鉴定意见认为：由交通部天津水运工程科学研究所完成的该项研究成果具有创新性，总体上达到国际先进水平。该项目主要研究成果和创新点为：（1）提出了三维破碎波浪与任意形状建筑物相互作用的基本理论，采用交错网格技术、两步映射法、部分单元法和曲面组合法等数值计算技术和方法，成功地建立了三维破碎波浪数学模型。（2）提出了二相流概念在波浪模拟中Heaviside函数的新形式。采用该方法计算的压力分布场满足理论分布，保证了在波浪运动模拟中能得到精确的压力值，避免数值震荡、确保计算结果的精确可靠，具有创新意义。（3）模型建立了在二相流概念下的小振幅波、斯托克斯波、椭圆余弦波、孤立波和线性不规则波的造波方法；并采用相应波浪理论进行了验证。采用水体在方箱中震荡和波浪与大直径圆筒作用的理论解及波浪越潜堤的试验结果分别对模型进行了验证，结果表明模型有很好的质量和能量守恒性；模拟的波浪与理论解相当吻合，该模型能够很好地反映波浪的反射、绕射和非线性变形等特性。（4）采用卷破波和崩破波与直立圆筒作用的两组物理模型试验对该模型破碎波情况进行验证，分析了破碎波与直立圆筒作用的压力分布和流场分布，数值模拟和物理模型的波高分布和压力分布基本一致。进一步证明了模型的科学性和合理性，并为工程应用奠定了可靠的基础。     

基于CIP方法对波浪冲击过程的数值模拟

为了研究波浪对结构物的冲击过程中空气相的影响,文章基于紧致差值曲线(CIP)方法建立了可压缩两相流数值波浪水槽模型。在模型的验证基础上,首先模拟了规则波对直墙的冲击,冲击压强的数值结果与实验值吻合较好,表明CIP方法可以精确的计算波浪对结构物的冲击问题。最后将模型应用于模拟规则波对水平板的冲击,对比分析了水平板前、中、后部自由面的发展过程。结果表明在水平板中前部,空气垫层是影响波浪冲击中压力变化的重要因素:对波浪的冲击起到了一定的缓冲作用,但空气垫层的存在也使冲击过程更加复杂化。     

新型防波堤消浪特性数值模型的建立与验证

为探究新型圆弧护面透空式防波堤的水动力特性,建立三维数值波浪水槽,对其开展模拟研究工作。本文从模型的建立、自由面追踪技术和方程的离散求解等方面对数学模型进行了详细的阐述,利用实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,验证结果表明,该数值模拟方法的计算结果与实验数据有很好的相关性,证明本文构建的数值模型可以用于防波堤的波浪结构特点分析和附近的流场计算研究。     

基于两相流的三维自由面流动模型研究

考虑到复杂界面流的需要,基于三维非稳态的Navier-Stokes方程,采用有限体积法进行数值离散,在构造高分辨率STACS格式的VOF方法的基础上,建立基于气液两相流的三维自由面流动模型,并实现了程序的并行化。应用该模型对旋转流场、三维变形场和溃坝波在湿边界上传播运动等自由面流动问题进行数值模拟,计算结果表明模型模拟复杂自由面的运动具有较高的精度,计算效率高,可为进一步研究波浪对船舶的作用、船行波对航道整治建筑物、岸坡的作用提供基础。     

波浪中航行船舶水动力和运动分析的Rankine源高阶面元法研究

基于三维频域势流理论,采用计及定常绕流影响的物面和自由面条件,建立了求解波浪中航行船舶水动力和运动响应的Rankine源高阶面元法。采用九节点等参单元离散船体表面,引入Rayleigh人工阻尼项消除自由面截断处波浪的反射,并基于积分方法计算物面条件中的mj项。为了反映波浪自船头向船尾传播的特性,提高数值计算稳定性和精确性,采用二阶迎风差分格式处理自由面条件中速度势的二阶空间导数。选择不同的自由面范围和网格密度对船舶在典型工况下的水动力系数进行计算和分析,以确定达到收敛要求的离散参数取值。在此基础上,针对不同船型在不同遭遇频率下的水动力和运动响应进行数值预报,并将它们与试验及其它数值方法的结果进行对比,表明用该方法计算的结果与试验数据吻合良好。该方法与基于线性均流和常值单元离散的Rankine源法相比精度更高,对于船体外飘的船舶水动力计算要比移动脉动源法更为稳定。     

沙质海岸破波带内底部离岸流及沙坝迁移数值模拟研究

建立了破波带内三维水动力泥沙数学模型体系,模型中同时考虑了波浪、波生底部离岸流、非粘性泥沙运动及地貌演变等动力机制。通过波浪水槽实验实测水、沙及地形数据验证,所建模式可有效模拟破波带内底部离岸流、泥沙运动过程及离岸沙坝的随时间迁移规律。模拟成果表明波浪破碎后引起的波生流系在破波带内形成一个时均垂向环流结构,其中底部时均流向指向外海,表层则指向近岸,靠近破波点处,底部离岸流的流速逐渐降低。在时均垂向环流体系的输送下,破波带内被波浪掀起的床面泥沙在底部离岸流作用下持续向外海输送,并在破波点附近堆积形成沙坝。沙坝的形成改变了局部波流场结构,在波浪的持续作用下逐渐向外海运移直至剖面达到基本平衡。     

海上风电复合筒型基础抗波浪液化研究

海上风电复合筒型基础周围海床在波浪作用下会发生液化现象,近年来许多学者都对海床抗液化措施进行了研究。采用基于开源软件OpenFOAM建立的波浪-海床-结构物相互作用的CFD-CSD耦合模型,模拟求解波浪作用下海床动力响应及考虑结构物的复杂波浪荷载条件下的响应问题。通过数值模拟复合筒型基础周围的海床表面覆盖不同块石下的动力响应和液化范围分布,表明上覆块石层厚度越大,抗液化效果越好。     

二维驳船结构在规则波作用下的高频共振响应研究

基于势流理论建立二维完全非线性数值波浪水槽模型,利用该模型对二维驳船结构在非线性规则波作用下的高频共振响应进行了研究.采用高阶边界元方法解决边界值问题,应用混合欧拉-拉格朗日方法和四阶龙格库塔法模拟结构物与波浪的相互作用,引入虚拟函数法耦合求解波浪载荷与物体运动.计算了浮动驳船结构在规则波作用下的运动,并将数值结果与实验值进行了对比验证.当入射波浪的3倍频等于物体横摇方向固有频率时,物体横摇运动发生的高频共振现象,并分析了其影响因素.基于完全非线性数值波浪水槽模型探究了高频共振响应现象的发生机理,为今后海洋工程结构物的高频共振响应问题做有益探索.     

NSPMF-EB耦合模型及其在近岸波浪计算中的应用

提出通过耦合透水介质的流体运动方程(NSPMF模型)和改良Boussinesq方程(EB模型)来描述近岸水波现象的数学模型。NSPMF模型的优越性在于它能描述波浪破碎、越浪以及波浪和各种结构物(包括透水性结构物)之间的相互作用等伴随着复杂流动结构的局部波动现象;EB模型则可用于求解广阔海域内非线性不规则波浪的运动和变形过程。耦合模型兼有二者的优势,具有广阔的应用前景。验证计算的结果表明本文建议的耦合方法是有效的。     

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional breaking waves

Three-dimensional (3D) wave breaking around bodies of complex geometry has been numerically investigated by use of two types of Navier-Stokes solvers, namely the finite-difference and the finite-volume methods employing rectangular and curvilinear coordinate systems, respectively. Both methods employ the density-function technique to capture the free surface location and can cope with complicated free surface configurations such as breaking waves. The accuracy of the density-function method is examined through the comparison with experimental results, and it is confirmed to be satisfactory when the grid spacing and the time increment are sufficiently small. New computational methods are applied to several problems including 3D breaking waves around ships and wave diffraction around offshore structures. The computed results show good agreement with experimental results indicating that wave breaking phenomena are successfully simulated. The qualitative accuracy, however, could be improved by including the dissipating effect of breaking waves.     

Numerical investigation of the gate motion effect on a dam break flow

The effects of a moving gate on dam break flow experiments are numerically considered in this paper. The dam break flow process is modelled by a sudden gate release. A Constrained Interpolation Profile (CIP)-based model is employed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations with the free surface boundary condition to deal with the water-air-gate interactions. In addition, the VOF-type THINC/SW method is used to capture the free surface. The movable gate is simulated by an immersed boundary, and a gate motion formula is proposed from existing experimental data and applied in the dam break flow computations. The difference between the water profile and pressure domain with/without gate motion is examined. The dam breaks with different gate motions are discussed as well. The numerical results show that the proposed gate motion formula correlates well with the numerical modelling, and the gate motion has a significant influence in the water collapse process and cannot be neglected in the study of dam break.     

溃坝模拟的光滑粒子流体动力学方法及其粘性特性(英文)

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian meshless particle method. It is one of the best method for simulating violent free surface flows in fluids and solving large fluid deformations. Dam breaking is a typical example of these problems. The basis of SPH was reviewed, including some techniques for governing equation resolution, such as the stepping method and the boundary handling method. Then numerical results of a dam breaking simulation were discussed, and the benefits of concepts like artificial viscosity and position correction were analyzed in detail. When compared with dam breaking simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method, the wave profile generated by SPH had good agreement, but the pressure had only reasonable agreement. Improving pressure results is clearly an important next step for research.     

A CIP-based method for numerical simulations of violent free-surface flows

A CFD model is proposed for numerical simulations of extremely nonlinear free-surface flows such as wave impact phenomena and violent wave–body interactions. The constrained interpolation profile (CIP) method is adopted as the base scheme for the model. The wave–body interaction is treated as a multiphase problem, which has liquid (water), gas (air), and solid (wave-maker and floating body) phases. The flow is represented by one set of governing equations, which are solved numerically on a nonuniform, staggered Cartesian grid by a finite-difference method. The free surface as well as the body boundary are immersed in the computation domain and captured by different methods. In this article, the proposed numerical model is first described. Then to validate the accuracy and demonstrate the capability, several two-dimensional numerical simulations are presented, and compared with experiments and with computations by other numerical methods. The numerical results show that the present computation model is both robust and accurate for violent free-surface flows.     

近自由面水下爆炸冲击波切断效应研究

近自由面水下爆炸形成的冲击波到达自由面时会反射稀疏波,并伴随着水面的上升、破碎和飞溅等复杂物理现象。文章基于无网格SPH方法建立了近自由面水下爆炸数值模型,开发了计算程序,模拟了冲击波和自由面反射的稀疏波的相互作用过程,分析了切断现象的特性、产生机理以及对冲击波参数的影响。研究发现,爆心正上方且距自由面较近处,稀疏波作用最强;近自由面爆炸冲击波冲量可衰减为无限水域爆炸的1/3左右。文中的研究旨在探索冲击波在自由面处的传播规律,并为近自由面水下爆炸载荷的确定提供参考。     

Numerical simulation of violent sloshing by a CIP-based method

In this article, a new computational fluid dynamics simulation approach based on the constraint interpolation profile (CIP) method is applied to tackle the violent sloshing problem. The present study considers two-dimensional sloshing phenomena in a rectangular tank. By the proposed method, the sloshing problem is viewed as a multiphase problem that includes water and air flows. A stationary Cartesian grid is used and the free surface is solved by an interface capturing method. The CIP combined unified procedure (CCUP) scheme was adopted for the flow solver, and both the CIP scheme and the CIP conservative semi-Lagrangian with cubic interpolation polynomial (CIP-CSL3) scheme were used for interface capturing. For validation of the numerical method, a physical experiment was conducted with a rectangular tank for several frequencies and filling heights. A convergence check was first performed for the method. The numerical simulation results on violent sloshing show that the use of the CIP-CSL3 scheme as an interface capturing procedure gives much better results for the pressures and free-surface profiles than the conventional CIP scheme.     

Numerical study on breaking phenomena of ships’ waves in narrow and shallow waterways

The environmental impact of a ships waves, such as the risk of erosion of coasts and riverbanks, and unacceptable ship movements in a restricted waterway, is now a significant ship design criterion. Therefore, it is necessary to predict ship-wave phenomena accurately in a restricted waterway. In this study, a numerical investigation of the breaking phenomena of a ships waves in restricted waterways was carried out. Incompressible Navier–Stokes and continuity equations were employed. The equations are discretized by a finite-difference method in a curvilinear coordinate system. The interface capturing method was applied to simulation of a ships waves, including wave-breaking. A modification of the level-set method is proposed to find the free surface shape clearly and without difficulty of the implemation of the boundary conditions for the distance function. In order to obtain a high resolution of wave height, a constrained interpolated profile (CIP) algorithm is adopted. In order to check the advantage of the CIP method, computations by two numerical methods, the CIP and the 3rd-order up-wind scheme, were compared. The computations for a Wigley hull in restricted waterways were performed and compared with experiments. The phenomena of ships waves in restricted waterways are discussed in order to understand the mechanism of wave-breaking in relation to the change in water depth along a waterway.     

绕船体粘性自由面流动的数值计算

考虑自由面的船舶粘性流动计算由于其复杂性和对计算机硬伯的较高要求，只是到了最近几年才得到较大发展，而在国内尚属起步阶段。本文使用VOF方法计算了绕Wigley船型的粘性自由面流动，流模式选择了SSTκ-ω模型。计算获得了船体上波形以及船波等值线图，同时考察了三个不同横截面上的流动状况。计算得到的阻力还和发表的试验结果作了对比，结果令人鼓舞。     

潜艇水面与水下粘性绕流数值模拟

本文采用求解RANS方程的方法结合四种湍流模型,对于带有不同附体的SUBOFF模型尾流场进行了数值模拟。数值预报的桨盘面处不同半径上的轴向无量纲速度与试验结果进行了对比,结果表明湍流模型在数值模拟中起到重要作用。潜艇水面航行性能十分重要,因而对于潜艇自由液面绕流的数值模拟备受关注。本文采用VOF方法对于两条潜艇模型在不同傅汝德数下的自由液面绕流进行了数值模拟。计算得到的阻力、波形与试验结果吻合较好。文中也探讨了潜艇自由液面绕流的一般特性。并验证了用CFD手段预报潜艇粘性流场的能力。     

U型防波堤与波浪相互作用的数值模拟

半淹没式固定U型防波堤,通过在自由水面附近设置挡浪结构增加能量耗散而达到降低港内波浪的目的;为了减小U型防波堤波浪反射,在其左侧设置成可渗透型沉箱。本文基于Navier-Stokes方程,采用k-ε模型封闭雷诺方程,以spatially-averaged方程作为孔隙流的控制方程,用VOF方法跟踪自由表面,建立了波浪与建筑物相互作用的数学模型,采用该模型模拟了规则波入射时波浪与可渗透型U型防波堤的相互作用,针对不同尺寸U型防波堤,进一步讨论了U型防波堤对波浪传播中反射和透射的影响。