计及海底井口影响的隔水管涡激振动响应特性试验

在靠近海底井口位置,隔水管周围流场受井口系统的影响发生变化,流固耦合下涡激振动可能诱发隔水管在横流向(CF方向)更为剧烈的振动。为了研究受管土装置影响的隔水管涡激振动响应特性,使用自主设计的管土装置模拟海底井口,采用8 m柔性立管,进行了均匀流下单管和受管土装置影响的涡激振动对比试验。试验通过FBG光纤应变片测得应变信息,使用模态叠加法、FFT变换处理分析试验数据,对比分析2组隔水管的主导频率、应变时历与幅值谱、无因次振幅以及激励力系数等参数沿管径的分布情况。结果发现管土装置影响下,隔水管主导频率减小;CF方向涡激振动增大,振幅沿径向呈非对称特征;涡激振动振幅更大,隔水管受流场的激励与阻尼更为剧烈。     

Effect of internal flow on vortex-induced vibration dynamics of a flexible mining riser in external shear current

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of flexible risers with both internal and external flows has received much attention recently. Hence, VIV dynamics of a fluid-conveying flexible riser subjected to external shear current is investigated. The effect of internal flow velocity and fluid density on VIV response is mainly examined and analyzed. A time domain model is introduced and elaborated. Then the finite element method is adopted to discretize the governing equations. Firstly, the model is validated based on the comparison between the numerical and experimental results. Then the influence of the internal flow velocity and fluid density on VIV dynamics is studied. The results show that multi-frequency response occurs when the flexible riser with various internal flow velocities and densities is subjected to external shear current. Under same shear current velocity, the IL mean deflection is enlarged with the increase of the internal flow velocity and fluid density. In addition, the internal flow velocity and fluid density have an evident effect on the vibrating frequency and the root mean square (RMS) displacement in both in-line (IL) and cross-flow (CF) directions. Moreover, mode and frequency transitions can be observed under different internal flow velocities and fluid densities.     

参激振动对顺应式垂直通路立管涡激振动的影响

顺应式垂直通路立管(CVAR)是目前处于研究阶段的一种新型的立管类型,在海流作用下产生涡激振动,在平台垂荡运动作用下产生参数激励振动。为了研究参数激励的影响,本文引入尾流振子模型模拟漩涡脱落对立管的作用,同时考虑浮式平台升沉运动产生的参数激励,建立了CVAR参激-涡激联合振动方程,获取联合作用下的动力响应,并与纯涡激振动响应进行对比。结果表明,在相同的流速下CVAR中部涡激振动幅值最大,流速的增大会导致涡激振动的频率增大,发生高阶锁振,高阶锁振振动幅值比低阶锁振振动幅值小。考虑参数激励之后,较纯涡激振动而言,立管的振动幅值增大;当参激频率与涡激振动频率接近时,立管的振动幅值最大。     

剪切来流下柔性立管涡激振动抑制装置试验研究

文章针对柔性立管螺旋列板抑制装置在剪切流场中的涡激振动响应特性进行了试验研究,试验过程中通过旋转臂架从而形成相对剪切来流。通过测试得到的应变数据,基于模态叠加法,可得到立管的位移响应等参数。试验中针对螺旋列板的螺距和鳍高的变化进行了分析,系统地研究了不同螺旋列板状态下立管的主导频率、主导模态、无量纲振幅比以及疲劳损伤等参数。研究结果表明：螺旋列板可以很好地抑制立管的涡激振动响应;与螺距相比,鳍高对立管涡激振动响应会带来更大的影响;剪切流场中立管螺距恒定为5.0D（D为立管外径）时,鳍高为0.15D时的立管具有最好的抑制效果。     

柔性立管涡激振动响应轨迹特性研究

为了深入研究细长柔性立管的涡激振动响应特性,进行了柔性立管的拖曳水池试验。由拖车拖动立管产生相对来流,根据应变测试得到的应变数据,基于模态叠加法得到位移响应。试验分析前,通过数值方法先针对刚性立管的涡激振动响应轨迹特性进行了分析。紧接着,通过试验方法对柔性立管的单模态以及多模态涡激振动响应轨迹特性进行了深入的分析和讨论。通过分析发现:柔性立管在低速下具有与刚性立管类似的轨迹响应特性,均呈现经典的8字形状;柔性立管在高速下,其轨迹开始变得混乱,这主要是由位移的多模态响应特性所产生。     

Fatigue damage analysis of the deepwater riser from VIV using pseudo-excitation method

The fatigue damage of a long deepwater riser undergoing in-line and cross-flow vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in deepwater is numerically studied using pseudo-excitation method (PEM) in present paper. For evaluating the fluid–structure interaction problem of vortex-induced vibration of deepwater riser at high Reynolds number, the strip theory is employed in this paper, and the discrete vortex method (DVM) is used to calculate the VIV of each strip to obtain the load spectrum as the pseudo-excitation, while the finite volume method (FVM) is employed to evaluate the structure dynamics of a deepwater riser. The VIV is considered as a stationary random process. The response of riser to vortex induced excitation is calculated using pseudo-excitation method. The DVM model and pseudo-excitation method are both validated by comparing their numerical results with experiments. The fatigue damage of one deepwater riser is evaluated based on the Palmgren–Miner Rule.     

LQR control on multimode vortex-induced vibration of flexible riser undergoing shear flow

Under the actions of ocean currents and/or waves, deep-sea flexible risers are often subject to vortex-induced vibration (VIV). The VIV can lead to severe fatigue and structural safety issues caused by oscillatory periodic stress and large-amplitude displacement. As flexible risers have natural modes with lower frequency and higher density, a multimode VIV is likely to occur in risers under the action of ocean currents, which is considered as shear flow. To decrease the response level of the VIV of the riser actively, a multimode control approach that uses a bending moment at the top end of the riser via an LQR optimal controller is developed in this study. The dynamic equations of a flexible riser including the control bending moment in shear flow are established both in the time and state-space domains. The LQR controllers are then designed to optimize the objective function, which indicates the minimum cost of the riser's VIV response and control input energy based on the Riccati equation of the closed-loop system under the assumption that the lift coefficient distribution is constant. Finally, the VIV responses of both the original and closed-loop systems under different flow velocities are examined through numerical simulations. The results demonstrate that the designed active control approaches can effectively reduce the riser displacement/angle by approximately 71%–89% compared with that of the original system. Further, for multimode control, the presented mode-weighted control is more effective than the mode-averaged control; the decrease in displacement is approximately 1.13 times than that of the mode-averaged control. Owing to the increase in flow velocity as more and higher-order modes are excited, the VIV response of the original system decreases slightly while the frequency response gradually increases. For the closed-loop system, the response becomes smaller and more complicated, and the efficiency of the controller becomes lower at a certain flow velocity.     

表面粗糙度对立管涡激振动响应影响的试验研究

应用模型试验的方法,研究了表面粗糙度对立管涡激振动响应特性的影响规律,对不同粗糙度条件下立管所受拖曳力、升力、端部张力、漩涡泄放频率、结构振动响应频率、位移响应等参数的变化规律进行了对比分析。结果表明：与立管横向振动相比,立管流向振动更早出现锁定现象,因此当折合速度较低时,立管流向振动的涡激振动响应要大于横向振动。立管张力均存在两个峰值频率,其中一个峰值频率为主导频率,与拖曳力主导频率吻合,由流向涡激振动所产生;另一个峰值频率为主导频率的一半,与升力主导频率吻合,由横向涡激振动所产生。因此可以看出：横向涡激振动与流向涡激振动通过张力作用而相互影响。与光滑立管相比,表面粗糙度降低了立管的涡激振动位移响应,减小了涡激振动的锁定区域,但提高了漩涡泄放频率。对于不同粗糙度下的粗糙立管,随着粗糙度的增加,立管的锁定区域开始点逐渐提前,锁定结束点逐渐推迟,锁定区域逐渐变宽。     

低质量-阻尼因子圆柱体的涡激振动预报模型

本文考查了在均匀来流中作横向振荡的圆柱体与周围流体之间的能量转移,由此建立了基于受迫振荡实验数据的弹性支撑圆柱体在均匀流中的涡激振动响应预报模型.根据此模型,分析了低质量-阻尼因子圆柱体的涡激振动响应特性.就水中圆柱体涡激振动响应特性相关的几个关键性问题进行了深入的讨论,包括响应振幅的决定因素、附加质量对锁定范围及响应频率的影响.正确理解这些问题对于深水立管涡激振动响应的有效预报至关重要.     

Fatigue damage from time domain simulation of combined in-line and cross-flow vortex-induced vibrations

A semi-empirical method for time domain simulation of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) is used to calculate the in-line and cross-flow fatigue damage of a tensioned riser in uniform and sheared flow. Simulations are run for flow velocities ranging from 0.3 m/s to 2.4 m/s, and a detailed comparison with experimental observations is performed. Results are reported in terms of dominating frequency, mode of vibration and mean of r.m.s. of displacement, as well as fatigue damage distribution along the length of the structure and maximum fatigue damage rates for each case. Fatigue damage is calculated by rainflow counting of the strain time series together with an idealized S–N curve with slope m = 3. The results show that the model reproduces the measured fatigue damage with a satisfactory level of realism, using a consistent set of parameters. This indicates that the model is usable for calculation of riser VIV fatigue damage in various current conditions, assuming the Reynolds number is in the subcritical range.     

两自由度不同截面形式柱体涡激振动的CFD数值模拟

文章采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法,结合SST k-棕湍流模型,对低质量比柱体进行两自由度涡激振动数值模拟,得到了柱体升力、曳力系数的时程曲线,并观察了柱体进入锁振状态的幅值变化,研究了不同截面形式柱体在外流速处于0.1-1.0 m/s范围内的振动响应。将圆柱体在不同流速下两向振动的CFD数值模拟与实验数据进行比较,得到了较为满意的结果。通过分析不同截面柱体在不同外流速下的振动幅值发现,带有抑振装置的柱体截面形式能够有效地减小涡激振动,其中,板状截面柱体抑振效果较好。     

顶张力对深水刚性立管涡激振动及疲劳损伤的影响

分析讨论顶张力对深水刚性立管在剪切流中的涡激振动响应和疲劳损伤的影响。从理论上分析张力对刚性立管固有特性的影响,并利用OrcaFlex软件建立数值模型,模拟不同顶张力系数下立管于剪切流中的涡激振动响应,同时采用S-N曲线法计算立管疲劳损伤。结果表明,顶张力对立管的影响直接体现在刚度上,立管刚度随着张力的增大而增大,因此顶张力对降低立管疲劳损伤有一定积极作用。但是随着顶张力的增大,其对降低疲劳损伤的贡献越来越小,而对立管强度储备的危害却逐渐增大。     

并联布置立管涡激振动抑制装置试验研究

针对分隔板、控制杆和减振器3种涡激振动抑制装置,在波流水槽中进行不同间距下并联布置立管的裸管试验以及抑振管涡激振动试验研究,对比分析3种抑制装置的抑制效果。试验结果表明:在同一流速条件下,附加抑振装置后立管的振动振幅与裸管相比明显降低,所采用的3种抑振装置在不同程度上均抑制海洋立管的涡激振动;从横向振动最优抑制效果来讲,控制杆的效果最好;从顺流向振动最优抑制效果来讲,控制杆和分隔板的效果好,减振器的效果较弱。综合比较不同工况下各个间距和振动方向的最优抑制效果发现,控制杆的最优抑制效果最好,能够对并联立管横向和顺流向的振动起到很好的抑制效果。     

Reduction of VIV using suppression devices—An empirical approach

Helical strakes are known to reduce and even eliminate the oscillation amplitude of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). This reduction will increase the fatigue life. The optimum length and position of the helical strakes for a given riser will vary with the current profile.

The purpose of the present paper is to describe how data from VIV experiments with suppressing devices like fairings and strakes can be implemented into a theoretical VIV model. The computer program is based on an empirical model for calculation of VIV. Suppression devices can be accounted for by using user-defined data for hydrodynamic coefficients, i.e. lift and damping coefficients, for the selected segments.

The effect of strakes on fatigue damage due to cross flow VIV is illustrated for a vertical riser exposed to sheared and uniform current. Comparison of measured and calculated fatigue life is performed for a model riser equipped with helical strakes. A systematic study of length of a section with strakes for a set of current profiles is done and the results are also presented.     

螺旋列板绕流流场CFD分析

隔水管是海洋钻井作业的关键设备,其安全性至关重要.涡激振动是隔水管失效的重要因素.水深小于500m时,优化隔水管系统可以避免使用涡激抑制装置,超过1000m,必须采用涡激抑制装置.螺旋列板是现场常用的涡激抑制装置.基于流体动力学方法,利用FLUENT软件求解螺旋列板三维绕流流场的控制方程,同时计算了钝体隔水管三维绕流流场,流场参数(升力系数、曳力系数、涡量等)特征进行对比分析,显示出螺旋列板在涡激抑制方面的优势.计算结果表明,虽然螺旋列板能够减小横向升力,但同时会导致流向曳力明显增加.     

Effect of surface roughness and initial gap on the vortex-induced vibrations of a freely vibrating cylinder in the vicinity of a plane wall

We studied the effects of the surface roughness and initial gap on the responses of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder near a stationary plane wall, employing numerical methods. The VIV response amplitudes, lock-in regions, hydrodynamic forces, VIV trajectories and flow fields for three different surface roughnesses and two different initial gaps were systematically compared. The results reveal that the reduced velocity range can be divided into three regions based on the VIV amplitude as pre-lock-in, lock-in, and post-lock-in regions. The width of the lock-in region is not sensitive to the variation of the roughness. The mean drag coefficient has a decreasing tendency with the increased roughness. For a small initial gap, the clockwise wall boundary layer vortices has coalesced with the clockwise vortices shed from the upper side of the cylinder, which further suppresses the shedding of the counter-clock wise vortices from the lower side of the cylinder. The vortex shedding flow pattern displays a weak 2S mode. However, for a large initial gap, there is no coalescing action operating in the wake region and hence most of the vortex shedding flow patterns show an asymmetric 2S mode.     

Fatigue damage induced by vortex-induced vibrations in oscillatory flow

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a flexible cylinder in oscillatory flow was experimentally investigated in an ocean basin. An intermittent VIV was confirmed to have occurred during the tests. The fatigue damage caused by VIV was calculated based on rainflow counting and a standard S–N curve. There are 3 main observations for fatigue damage from VIV in oscillatory flow: 1) the damage varied significantly with the KC number, which is a unique feature for VIV in oscillatory flow. 2) Fatigue damage at small KC number cases was found to be larger compared to those at large KC numbers owing to the fact that number of vortex shedding cycles per half of the motion cycle is low, and damping within half of the motion cycle will hence become low. The fact that vortices from the previous cycle still are active during the next may also contribute to the large response at small KC numbers. 3) ‘Amplitude modulation’ and ‘mode transition’, two specific features for VIV in oscillatory flow, were found to have a strong influence on fatigue. Fatigue damage has also been calculated by an empirical VIV prediction model assuming that all cases have steady flow at an equivalent velocity. Finally, a simplified method for calculating fatigue damage from VIV in oscillatory flow based on steady flow conditions is proposed. A modification factor diagram is presented, but the scope of the present study is too limited to provide a good basis for a general model for this factor. A general model for how to apply results from constant current analysis to predict fatigue in oscillatory flow will therefore need further research.     

附属分离盘抑制圆柱涡激振动的数值模拟

基于动网格技术，编写UDF程序计算附属不同长度分离盘的圆柱双自由度涡激振动，并借助FLUENT软件模拟计算其周围流场。通过模拟计算不同长度附属分离盘的圆柱涡激振动，系统地对比分析其所受升阻力系数、振动响应、尾流涡形态、运动轨迹和频率特征等方面内容，并总结其一般规律。分析发现，添加合适长度的分离盘可以大大降低涡泄频率，有助于避开“锁定”区域，降低涡激振动的响应，同时还应该注意附属分离盘带来的多频和宽频振动特征。该数值模拟方法也为附属抑制装置的立管涡激振动数值模拟奠定了基础。降低，当约化速度Ur=5.5附近，分离盘长度越长，升阻力系数与振动响应越小。（2）添加附属分离盘后，裸圆柱所对应的双排尾流涡将变为单排尾流涡；随着分离盘长度增大，涡泄的位置往后推移，与此同时，分离盘的两侧逐渐出现一组次漩涡（分离盘上产生的漩涡）；分离盘长度L=0.5D时，因其未能完全阻隔上下两侧漩涡的相互作用，并将一侧漩涡切分为二，与另一侧漩涡在尾流形成2P形态的涡。（3）附属分离盘长度的增加使得圆柱振动范围不断缩小，但会造成多频的振动特征，而且还有效地改变来流向响应与横向响应的相位角。（4）添加附属分离盘后，一方面圆柱阻力的主频率明显降低，而且主频率所对应的功率谱密度也明显降低，说明分离盘能降低来流向的振动频率与振动强度，但会造成附属分离盘的圆柱阻力表现为多频、宽频的振动特征；另一方面添加附属分离盘的圆柱升力频率明显降低，但同样会造成多频和宽频的振动特征。总的来说，添加合适长度的分离盘可以大大降低涡泄频率，有助于避开“锁定”区域，降低涡激振动的响应，同时还应该注意附属分离盘带来的多频和宽频振动特征。本文的数值模拟方法也为附属抑制装置的立管涡激振动数值模拟奠定基础。     

钢悬链线的涡激振动分析

文章介绍了立管在不同流剖面下的涡激振动实验,然后给出了简支钢悬链线的静态方程和基于能量平衡原理的涡激振动频域预报理论.之后提出把钢悬链的参数转化为顶部张紧钻井隔水管的参数的思想.通过预报顶部张紧钻井隔水管的涡激振动响应,得到钢悬链线的涡激振动响应.文中还研究了不同的顶部预张力和不同流剖面对钢悬链线的涡激振动响应影响.结果表明立管的固有频率和模态数的关系足线性的,并且立管的均方根位移和激励的模态数不仅与流速的大小和变化范围有关,还与顶部预张力有关.     

振荡来流下柔性立管涡激振动响应特性试验研究

在顶部浮体的带动下,悬链线立管的动力响应会诱发其周围产生相对来流,而这种振荡来流将激励立管悬垂段产生“间歇性”的涡激振动。文章在海洋工程水池中对不同最大约化速度URmax、KC数组合下的振荡来流作用下的柔性立管开展模型试验研究,利用光纤应变片测量模型的涡激振动响应。结合模态分析与小波变换对试验数据进行分析,讨论并总结了最大约化速度URmax以及KC数对涡激振动位移幅值响应特性的影响规律。文中进一步分析发现振荡来流下的涡激振动响应还存在“迟滞”及“高阶谐频”现象。