“育明”轮波浪载荷直接计算研究

基于三维无航速格林函数理论,采用了Hydro STAR软件,对上海海事大学教学实习船"育明"轮进行波浪载荷预报,包括其在4种工况中的波浪载荷短期以及长期预报。短期预报采用Jonswap谱,长期预报采用IACS推荐的北大西洋波浪散布图,并与IACS最新推出的共同规范HCSR的规范值进行了比较。计算结果表明,在恶劣海况下,船舶遭受的波浪载荷不容小觑,不仅需要用规范进行计算,更需要对其进行直接计算以确保船舶营运的安全性。     

短峰波中船舶运动与波浪载荷的频域水弹性理论与试验研究

传统的耐波性及波浪载荷理论与试验主要针对船舶在二维长峰波中的运动与载荷响应进行预报,然而实际海浪是三维短峰波。研究表明,基于长峰波的理论计算及水池模型试验所预报的船舶运动与载荷响应与实际情况存在一定的差异,且三维波浪的方向扩散特性是影响船舶运动与载荷响应的重要因素之一。为了研究短峰波中船舶运动与载荷响应特性及其与长峰波中响应的差异性,本文首先基于三维水弹性理论计算船舶在规则波中的频域响应,然后基于二维谱分析法将其扩展至短峰不规则波中船舶运动与载荷响应预报,进而分析短峰波方向扩散函数对于船舶运动与载荷响应的影响,最后基于实际海浪环境下大尺度模型水弹性试验数据验证理论计算结果。     

半潜式平台全寿命期极值载荷的确定

基于三维势流理论和Morison方程对一半潜平台生存工况下4种特征波浪载荷进行了预报,研究了平台湿表面网格尺寸与计算时间的关系,并考查了平台杆件对波浪载荷的影响.研究了不同海况资料对长期预报结果的影响,以及浪向和海况对波浪载荷长期极值分布的影响.通过短期结果、长期结果以及简化公式计算结果的对比,发现南海特征严重海况的短期最可能极值与长期预报中10-8超越概率下的结果相当,而简化公式结果在量级上与前两者保持一致.研究结果对平台结构在恶劣海况中的极值设计载荷的确定具有指导意义.     

船舶动态变形测点优化及变形预报方法

为实现船舶变形监测位置的筛选,采用有效独立法给出甲板变形监测点的布置方案,并基于模态叠加法进一步给出船舶变形响应的实时预报方法。结合三维线性波浪载荷理论和结构有限元分析技术,对短期海况下船舶角变形响应进行仿真,既可为测量设备的参数选取提供参考,又可为实时预报方法的验证提供数据。以一艘船舶为例进行计算,通过对比直接仿真结果与实时预报结果,从理论上验证了角变形监测点优化方案的合理性以及实时预报方法的正确性。     

恶劣海况下船体波浪载荷的统计推断

介绍恶劣海况下船体波浪载荷(包括波浪和合成弯矩)统计推断的计算方法,并以某一高速排水型船舶作为算例进行计算。首先,按30 min短期海况估算该船的船舯波浪弯矩、砰击弯矩和合成弯矩统计特征值并与测量结果进行比较;其次按4 h海浪稳定假设,给出统计推断;最后,对巨浪海况完成算例船舶的波浪弯矩和合成弯矩的统计推断,并简要分析船体的总纵强度。     

真实海况下船舶水弹性响应及砰击载荷的大尺度模型试验研究

现有的船舶波浪载荷模型试验大多是在水池环境中开展的,然而受水池尺度、造波能力、模型航行范围以及尺度效应等方面的影响或限制,水池模型试验并不能完全真实地反映出实船海上航行时的水动力学性能.事实上,真实海浪具有非线性强、随机性强、方向分布广等特征,因此研究船舶在真实海浪短峰波中的水动力学性能对于指导实船设计研发具有重要的指导意义.实际海浪环境中,舰船大尺度模型试验是一种新型试验技术,综合了水池模型试验和实船海试的部分共同优势.本文提出了大尺度模型波浪载荷与砰击载荷试验技术,建立了一套稳定可靠的大尺度模型海上试验测试系统,并提出了恶劣海况下大尺度模型耐波性及波浪载荷试验实施方案,进而基于大尺度模型试验数据分析了船舶在真实恶劣海况下的运动与载荷响应及砰击载荷特性.     

浮式生产储油船(FPSO)迁航性能计算

应用作业海域波浪短期统计特征长期分布计算法、粘性阻力和风浪中阻力增加计算以及运动与载荷的频域Green函数的计算方法,提供了浮式生产储油船迁航海况选择、迁航阻力确定和船体运动与遭遇波浪载荷预报的计算方法和应用实例.计算方法和性能表达方式对于FPSO迁航作业设计具有工程应用意义.     

首外飘砰击对主船体结构响应的预报

假设在波浪砰击的条件下,线性“切片理论”仍适用于预报舰船的纵向运动。于是,将不规则海浪上的船首外飘砰击载荷及其对主船体的响应,简化为首部船一波相对垂向运动响应谱峰值频率的某个规则波问题,即船体响应的概率与船一波相对垂向速度的平方相联系,从而获得在各种不同海况下,首外飘砰击船体响应的概率分布可以用w。儿Ull分布来近似,即“短期预报”。 计算中对各种非线性水动力载荷成分作了分析,认为首外飘砰击的船体响应应考虑非线性惯性力及非线性浮力这两项载荷。文中把某船实测结果与本方法的短期预报作了比较,最后评述了长期预报。     

大型集装箱船舷侧外飘砰击特性研究

基于概率随机理论研究大型集装箱船舷侧外飘砰击特性,预报不同海况和航速情况下船舶非线性运动响应时历,采用Chuang理论计算船艏舷侧区域的外飘砰击压力,对随机海浪下集装箱船外飘砰击概率、砰击压力极值沿船长和高度方向空间分布规律进行分析,在直接预报的基础上给出载荷的确定方法。     

南海超大型抓斗疏浚船波浪载荷下结构强度评估研究

以一艘200方抓斗式疏浚船为例,阐述船舶波浪载荷长期预报和全船有限元直接计算方法。讨论不同波浪散布函数对船舶波浪载荷计算结果的影响。针对不同海域进行波浪载荷长期预报,通过对比分析得到南海海域波浪载荷水平,提出了南海工作船舶波浪载荷预报建议。在此基础上,对全船进行结构有限元分析,得到不同海域中全船结构应力水平,并对船体局部结构进行了优化,为在南海进行施工作业的疏浚船的设计提供参考。     

Contribution of supposed wave condition on the long-term distribution of a wave-induced load

This report is concerned with the statistical analysis of the long-term distribution of a wave-induced load, and examines which factors influence the long-term distribution of the load level, e.g., the significant wave height, the mean wave period of the supposed wave condition, and the relative angle between the ship's course and the wave direction. The long-term distribution is broken down into these factors, and a contribution rate analysis method for each factor in each load level in the long-term distribution is introduced. Based on the method used, the contribution rate of a specific mean wave period and a wave angle encountered is clarified, when the long-term distribution is larger than other wave periods and wave angles. The specific mean wave period and wave angle encountered are defined as the wave condition which governs the long-term distribution. The maximum wave-induced load in the vicinity of a probability of exceedance of around 10⁻⁸ in the long-term distribution is decided by the most severe short-term wave condition which has the largest significant wave height with a specific mean wave period. Based on S–N curves and Miner's rule, the relation between the fatigue damage and the supposed wave condition is examined. The contribution rate analysis method for fatigue damage is introduced. The governing wave condition and the most severe short-term wave condition also have an important effect on the fatigue damage. A simple estimation method for the long-term distribution, described by the Weibull distribution from the statistical properties of the most severe short-term wave condition, is introduced. Several examples show the applicability of the estimation method. Received: November 22, 2001 / Accepted: January 9, 2002     

Efficient long-term fatigue analysis of deepwater risers in the time domain including wave directionality

Accurate fatigue assessment is a challenging and crucial aspect of riser design. The prediction of the long-term fatigue damage must account for numerous sea states of different wave heights, periods, and directions. Each sea state entails a dynamic analysis, often performed in the time domain owing to the significant nonlinearities. Because of the short-term uncertainties from irregular waves, the simulation duration must be sufficiently long for results to converge. To alleviate the hefty computational cost of long-term fatigue analysis, researchers have proposed efficient methods, but these are not without drawbacks; in particular, wave directionality is commonly neglected. This paper presents an efficient method for long-term fatigue analysis based on time domain simulation, considering wave directionality among other things. The proposed method is based on an enhanced version of control variates to reduce the variance in Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). The control function is constructed by training artificial neural network (ANN) models using existing MCS data. Here, a customized scheme is developed to allow for the situation that the training data and ANN prediction cases have different wave directions. The proposed method is unbiased and provides an error estimate. Simulations are performed on a floating system, and the proposed method is found to improve the efficiency of MCS significantly. Different scenarios such as fixed and random wave directions are compared, confirming that wave directionality is critical and should be included in a long-term fatigue assessment.     

8000kW救助船规则波下的运动与波浪载荷预报

随着数值计算技术的发展,船舶运动与波浪载荷预报精度也在不断提高。介绍了三维势流理论方法在规则波上船舶运动与波浪载荷预报中的应用,以8 000 k W救助船为例,预报了其运动与波浪载荷。通过应用三维势流理论,可以为船舶耐波性评估和结构设计提供依据。     

深水悬链复合锚泊线疲劳损伤计算

以某座Spar平台的锚泊系统为研究对象,首先利用三维绕射理论计算Spar平台主体波浪力,得到平台的总体运动响应时程。再建立复合锚泊线的二维非线性有限元动力分析模型,基于DelVecchio(1992)提出的经验公式,采用迭代的方法计算复合锚泊线的刚度。锚泊线和海床之间的接触作用基于刚性海床假定,基于Morrison公式计算锚泊线的惯性力和拖曳力荷载,根据计算得到的平台主体运动响应时程作为锚泊线顶端输入条件,在时域范围内进行复合锚泊线的动力分析。计算得到中国南海某海域各短期海况条件下复合锚泊线应力的时间历程曲线,采用雨流法对其计数得到对应于各短期海况条件下的疲劳载荷谱。最后根据Miner线性累积损伤模型,对复合锚泊线在长期海况条件下的疲劳损伤进行比较计算。     

波浪作用下沙纹床面形态及底摩阻系数研究

波浪作用形成的沙纹在近海区域普遍存在,准确预测沙纹床面形态并计算对应的底摩阻系数是研究近岸波浪变形、泥沙输运及岸滩演变的基础。利用国外公开发表的室内试验和现场观测数据对已有计算沙纹形态的典型公式进行分析评价。考虑床面形态与水流条件的互相适应,提出新的平衡状态下沙纹长度、高度及波陡计算公式;引入临界Shields参数判别函数来考虑底床泥沙运动状态对沙纹形态的影响;通过理论推导得到波浪摩阻系数计算公式,并利用沙纹形态计算公式改进粗糙高度的计算方法。结果表明,提出的沙纹形态计算公式能够较好地刻画不同底沙运动状态下沙纹床面几何特征,临界Shields参数对于沙纹形态的计算具有重要影响;新得到的沙纹长度和高度公式可以有效地应用于波浪摩阻系数计算。     

海洋浮式平台气隙的数值预报

以海洋浮式平台为研究对象,运用三维势流理论结合半经验Morison方程的方法计算了规则波下的水动力系数以及运动响应传递函数,并运用短期预报方法对平台气隙进行了分析。研究结果表明,其水动力性能与波浪频率密切相关,平台的气隙短期预报显示波浪在浮箱首尾部分负气隙严重,即有强烈的波浪砰击现象,平台结构设计时要充分考虑到该区域的波浪砰击载荷。     

半潜式起重船波浪载荷预报

采用数值分析软件Sesam/HydroD对某半潜式起重船在航行状态和起重作业状态下的波浪载荷进行长期预报和短期预报.在航行状态下,预报得到的最大波浪弯矩和剪力分别为规范值的1.4倍和2.0倍,用于进行结构疲劳评估(超越概率为10-2)的波浪弯矩最大预报值约为用于进行结构强度评估(超越概率为10-8)的波浪弯矩最大预报值的20％.在起重作业状态下,预报得到的波浪弯矩最大值约为航行状态下的15％.预报得到的波浪载荷结果和船舶运动响应结果可应用到船体结构强度和疲劳分析中,供船舶设计参考.     

三维流体动力方法计算穿浪双体船的船体响应

穿浪双体船船型复杂,航速较高,要准确预报其波浪载荷比较困难,但同时对于结构设计而言又非常重要。基于线性势流理论,采用三维流体动力学方法在时域上计算了穿浪双体船的运动响应和波浪载荷,时域计算结果经过傅立叶变换,在频域上分析了其响应特征。通过与规则波中试验结果和数值计算结果进行比较分析,表明用该方法计算穿浪双体船的船体响应可以获得比较满意的结果,可应用于同类船舶的波浪载荷预报。     

撑杆结构形式的变化对半潜平台性能的影响

以三种不同撑杆结构形式的半潜式平台为研究对象,采用Morison公式和三维势流理论相结合的方法,依托SESAM软件分别进行了垂荡响应运动、波浪载荷预报和结构强度的对比分析。运用谱分析法确定设计波参数,确定中纵剖面的最大纵向剪切状态时波浪载荷最恶劣,建立三维有限元模型完成了平台的结构强度分析,并结合ABS规范校核了平台关键部位的屈服强度。论文开展的研究对半潜式平台的前期设计有一定的参考价值。     

Long-term prediction method for the green water load and volume for an assessment of the load line

 To develop a practical prediction method for the green water load and volume on the bow deck in irregular waves, model tests were conducted using a tanker and a cargo ship on a domestic Japanese voyage. The relation between green water load and relative water height at the stem was considered. Based on the finding that the maximum value of the green water load is proportional to the square of the maximum value of the water elevation over the bow top, the probability density functions of the green water load and volume in short-term predictions were proposed. It was verified that the proposed functions show good agreement with the measured distributions, especially in the tails, and were better than conventional functions. Using these functions, long-term predictions of the green water load were carried out. It was confirmed that the present method is more rational than the conventional one for estimating the long-term probability of the green water load. An assessment of the bow height of a domestic Japanese ship from the viewpoint of deck wetness was carried out using these prediction methods. This research was used as the technical background for the revision of domestic rules on load lines, which was enforced in October 2001. Received: July 19, 2002 / Accepted: October 30, 2002 Acknowledgment. Some of the present study was carried out as part of a cooperation project (RR45) with the Shipbuilding Research Association of Japan, supported by the Nippon Foundation. Address correspondence to: Y. Ogawa (e-mail: ogawa@nmri.go.jp)