第四代港口概念及特点*

在梳理和总结国内外关于第四代港口的理论和实践研究的基础上,以港口区位和港口功能规划为出发点,对第四代港口的概念和特点进行了界定。认为第四代港口在物理上打破了区位限制,是一个以港口、临港工业区和临港新城为载体的集港口、产业和城市功能为一体的网络港口群;在功能方面,第四代港口提供围绕资源和生产要素的一体化的生产、物流、信息、商贸、金融等服务。对第四代港口概念和特点的深入研究有助于全面认识和理解未来港口的发展方向,对我国港口建设具有重要的现实意义。     

以第四代港口为基础的大连国际航运中心建设研究

随着经济全球化以及现代供应链管理思想的推行,全球国际航运中心正在进入第四代港口时代。大连东北亚国际航运中心建设作为辽宁沿海经济带国家战略的重要支点以及中日韩三国的东北亚地区国际航运中心之争的承载者,必须加快第四代港口建设。大连港建设第四代港口的主要措施包括"科学制定港口、港口企业发展战略"、"转变发展方式,走内涵式发展道路"等五个方面。     

港口发展的驱动因素分析

纵观港口发展历史,对港口发展的多个阶段进行了简要分析。按照港口的代际划分,可以将港口分为第一代、第二代、第三代和第四代港口。港口发展的历史长河不断前进,对港口发展的驱动因素进行了分析与讨论,描述了驱动港口不断发展的因素,由于现在世界范围内普遍存在的是第三代港口,所以着重分析了向第四代港口升级的驱动因素,主要分为港口的内部因素和外部因素,两种因素共同促进港口的发展与升级。     

我国港口发展模式探究

<正>一、世界港口发展比较分析1.从港口功能和作用的角度分析根据联合国贸易与发展会议的研究报告和第四代港口的出现,港口发展经历了四代港口的升级和转变:第一代港口是在20世纪中叶以前,港口仅作为海运和内地运输系统的连接点,其主要功能是海运货物的装卸、仓储中心;第二代港口是在20世纪60年代至80年代期间,第二代港口增加了工业、商业活动,由包装、货物加标签扩展到     

第4代港口新概念与国内港口发展战略

对国内第4代港口新概念的研究现状和国外港口物流的发展进行分析,根据未来港口发展的趋势提出第4代港口的内涵,即第4代港口是绿色港口、科技港口、协同竞争港口、供应链物流港口,对我国从港口大国发展为港口强国的发展战略提出5方面建议。     

我国港口在市场化进程中的竞争策略

一、我国港口市场化进程的大趋势、大环境 港口的发展与国际航运、国际贸易发展的需要紧密相关,现代港口的主要发展趋势是:(1)国际港口向第四代港口推进的趋势.第四代港口的主要功能将是在商业、综合物流枢纽、全程运输服务中心和国际商贸后勤基地(第三代港口)的基础上,向海洋生态经济后勤服务基地推进.     

第四代港口的供应链构建与运作模式

为探索港口发展方向,介绍第四代港口形成的背景,分析第四代港口的特征,讨论第四代港口的供应链构建和运作模式,指出供应链管理已成为第四代港口发展的核心思想。     

发展港口供应链是港口企业转型的方向

<正>众所周知,港口发展到今天,码头企业已不能仅仅满足于从事装卸仓储了,而要随着第一代港口向第三代港口的转型而转变。但究竟如何转变?它已作为重要课题摆在港口界议事日程上。最近笔者考察了华粮物流集团北良有限公司,通过调研感受颇深。北良有限公司码头经营商通过转变发展成为港口供应链经营商,她的经验给予我们启示:码头企业要现代化,必须走转型之路。     

从港口定义看港口功能的拓展

港口划分为第一、二、三代和现在提出的第四代，是从港口功能的角度来考虑的，联合国贸发会对前三代港口都有定义。     

港口企业员工培训体系的构建

世界港口行业正处于加快第四代港口建设的全新阶段,全球化深度发展为我国港口企业建设第四代港口提供新机遇的同时也提出新的挑战。在知识经济时代,科学技术是第一生产力,人力资源是第一资源。港口企业要在激烈的竞争中创造一流的管理水平、一流的装卸效率、一流的服务质量,归根到底须依赖员工素质及其专业技能的提高。[1]员工培训是提高港口企业员工学习力、创新力和竞争力的有效途径,也是港口企业实现可持续发展的决定性因素之一。目前,我国港口企业的传统培训形式     

我国港口竞争态势分析

港口经济作为经济发展的一种地域形态,近年来获得了巨大的发展,但也带来港口之间竞争的日益激烈。从港口经济发展带来的港口竞争入手,分析了现代港口竞争的主要内容以及港口争夺腹地货源的竞争;并针对港口竞争新焦点,就发展国际多式联运连接港口腹地的空间纽带进行了阐述。     

The Indian dry ports sector, pricing policies and opportunities for public-private partnerships

At the time of writing (2010), the world is witnessing the aftermath of the most severe financial sector meltdown in modern economic history caused by the real estate bubble in the United States. Its consequences on the real economy, especially in Europe, are yet to be fathomed, and this of course includes the longer-term impacts on international ocean transportation, ports and the distribution of global production.The economic recession has left the international shipping and port sectors with substantial overcapacity. This has resulted in drastic cost cutting measures on the one hand, and voluntary, often consensual, and coordinated reduction of supply on the other. These measures, together with a noticeable recovery in demand, are gradually leading again to improvement in prices charged by carriers and other transport service providers.In view of the country’s expanse; size of population; and regional inequalities, India’s dry ports (inland cargo consolidation and distribution centres) are seen by the government as a pivot of export-led growth and economic development (Haralambides & Gujar, 2011). Moreover, public and private sectors alike see the coordinated development of dry ports as the only way forward in terms of easing pressures at congested coastal ports, thus improving supply chain efficiency. In spite of this, dry port development and operations are still dominated by the public sector, under prices, capacity, land acquisition policies and other conditions that make private sector participation risky and comparatively unattractive. In order to rationalize dry port capacity and prices, this paper argues in favour of greater devolution through competition-enhancing Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). The paper puts forward recommendations for the necessary legal, regulatory and general economic policy interventions based on international best practice, while keeping Indian specificities in the right perspective.     

全球典型中转港发展格局、特征及趋势研究

全球海运的发展催生出以转运货物形式服务于周边区域和远洋运输的中转港,它们在全球贸易及运输体系中占据重要地位,形成了明显的特征格局。在中转港形成因素及分类研究的基础上,总结全球范围中转港发展格局和发展特征,探讨不同区域中转港的发展趋势。结果表明,当前全球航运格局重心在亚太地区,国际中转港主要分布在远东-西欧-北美主航线,而扼守关键区位则容易催生出中转大港。同时,未来各区域的中转港发展将随着经济全球化与国际贸易的深入发展而变动,并受船舶大型化、服务软环境等显著影响。     

Container port systems in China and the USA: a comparative study

This study compares the evolution of container port systems in China and the USA in terms of port throughput, number of container ports and the concentration level in the container port system, based on the time-series data on these three features over the period 1979–2009 for China and 1970–2009 for the USA. The results show that the densities of container ports in the two countries are similar, and their evolutionary processes are alike, which has led to a comparable market structure in the port industries of the two countries. In addition, the disparities between container ports closely represent the unevenness in the regional economic development. We further compare the port management regimes of the two countries in terms of the administrative processes for port development and expansion, the ownership structure and the providers of port functions, which offer some explanation on the dynamics of port evolution in the two countries. In conclusion, it can be seen that the evolution of the container port system and the management regime in the USA can be a de facto reference for the future development of the Chinese container port system.     

The implications of increased competition among ports for port policy and management

The increased competition faced by ports is more focused than previously on the performance of logistics systems of which the individual terminals in ports are critical hubs. The changes in competitive conditions raise issues about appropriate public port policies and strategies of port managements. This paper argucs that the port industry should (and is) moving in the direction of more harmonized policies based on economic principles. Port policies based on cost recovery from users of port facilities and services need to be adopted as the international standard. The competitive environment favours considerable local autonomy. Port management, in addition to possible direct responsibility for terminal management, needs to focus on activities with economies of scale or scope. Such activities, which span the requirements of terminals and may even warrant inter-port cooperation, enhance the services available for many port users.     

Impact of politics,economic events and port policies on the evolution of maritime traffic in Chinese ports

The Chinese government has been exploring various paths to find a direction that better suits China’s national conditions during the past 60 years. Meanwhile, a series of political and economic events and policy transformations have had different effects on the port industry. This article attempts to ascertain how these events and port policies have influenced Chinese port traffic through an empirical study on data covering 1952–2009. The findings suggest that foreign trade has been the prime driver of the throughput of Chinese ports. The increase in the ports’ throughput has enabled an increase in domestic demand and the urgent need for further port investment. Chinese port throughput has been subject to multiple shocks. The Great Leap Forward¹ is found to have had the largest, but only a short-term impact. China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, however, led to a longer and exclusive effect on ports, with little observed effect on the other variables. The reform of port governance is shown to have had a more lasting positive effect on port throughput than physical investment. However, these latter effects are minor, the economic and political factors remain the primary driving factors of port throughput.     

A game theory analysis of port specialization—implications to the Chinese port industry

The fast growth of the Chinese economy and its international seaborne trade has escalated the demand for high-quality and efficient port services. “Decentralization” of the port management regime has given local government greater freedom in port development and operational decision-making. However, major port capacity expansion in coastal areas, coupled with the slowing down of both the economy and trade growth over recent years, has led to overcapacity and excessive competition. Although both port specialization and government regulations are called for to address these issues, few studies have investigated the formation mechanism and economic implications of port specialization. This paper uses alternative duopoly games, namely a Stackelberg game and a simultaneous game, to model port competition, where ports provide differentiated services in the sectors of containerized cargo and dry-bulk cargo. Our analytical results reveal that inter-port competition can lead to port specialization in the following three ways. A port can specialize in a type of cargo (1) for which there is relatively high demand, (2) where it has established capacity first, or (3) for services which require prohibitively high capacity costs. Also, it is seen that overcapacity is likely if strategic port decisions are made simultaneously instead of sequentially. These results suggest that if there is a clear market leader, policy intervention may not be necessary. However, if no port has clear market power, then government coordination and intervention may be needed in order to prevent overcapacity and to encourage specialization.     

The strategic role of ports in regional development: conceptualising the experience from Australia

Regional ports, as infrastructure in regions, influence transport and regional development policies and planning. The interaction and involvement of regional ports with their stakeholders in the region are pivotal. The conundrum on what constitutes a regional port and thus its region has further complicated this limited researched area. In the extant literature, port and region relationship mainly centres on major metropolitan ports, and pays little heed to regional ports. In this context, this study investigates on how the Australian regional ports can be better involved in regional development. The study adopts a qualitative methodology to explore the Australian regional port stakeholders’ perceptions on port’s role in regional development through 38 semi-structured telephone interviews. Thematic analysis of data assisted by a mixture of NVivo software and manual techniques proposes a conceptual model that may assist policy-making. The key findings suggest that symbiotic growths of ports and concerned regions accelerate regional development. To contribute to regional development, the Australian regional ports can be proactive in building collaboration with regional organisations. The findings have major implications for port managers and port policy-makers for developing a region-oriented long-term port planning and for creating environment for Australian regional ports for regional resource configuration.     

一体化与多元化和上海国际航运中心的建设

<正>建设一个主要为广大内陆腹地经济发展服务,同时又能为国际航运提供优越服务的综合型国际航运中心,是国内外经济发展的需要,是我国实现国民经济发展战略目标的合理布局。充分发挥港群资源潜力,实现符合市场经济运行规律的长江三角洲诸港的一体化,有助于尽早建成上海国际航运中心。我国港口应加大改革步伐,促使其朝产权体制,投资渠道、经营领域、港口功能的多元化方向发展。 一、沪—宁—甬三港优势互补与港群一体化     

Sustainable development in seaports: a multi-case study

Seaports are a vital part of the maritime transport industry and have a key role in integrated transport chains and regional economies. However, ports are also sites of environmental pollution originating from land-based activities, ship movements and ports’ own activities. It is, therefore, increasingly recognised that economic growth in ports must be balanced with environmental protection and social progress. This has led to enhanced appreciation of the need for sustainable development (SD) in ports. Whilst much has been written about port environmental practices in European and American ports, there is limited synthesis and comparison of sustainable port practices from different parts of the world. Furthermore, in-depth case analysis and critical examination of the practices and challenges of sustainable port development in a globalised era is limited. This paper presents findings from a qualitative multi-case study that aimed to compare sustainable policies and practices of ports in four different continents and to understand the dilemmas, challenges and opportunities they face in attaining SD. This paper reports findings pertaining to the following research questions: (1) What policy frameworks do ports adopt to attain sustainable development? (2) What specific sustainable practices do ports utilise to manage environmental aspects such as air pollution, water quality, ballast water, dredging and disposal of dredged materials, waste disposal, hazardous substances and land/resource use? (3) What are the driving and constraining forces in achieving sustainable development in ports? Port authorities were studied by reviewing documents and secondary data. The following ports were studied: Port of Long Beach (USA), Port of Rotterdam Authority (The Netherlands), Sydney Ports Corporation (Australia) and Transnet Limited that owns and manages South African ports. Findings of the study demonstrate that the SD paradigm has gained momentum, albeit to differing degrees, in the functioning, organisation and the very ethos of case study ports. An important theme from all case studies is that, whilst there is definite progress towards SD, several practices deemed to be sustainable can be controversial and must be critically examined from the perspectives of different stakeholders including shippers, port-related businesses and the local and global community. Lack of data to monitor environmental impacts, economic costs of implementing sustainable practices and complexities of international, regional and national regulations were other constraining factors. On the other hand, reconciling differences between stakeholders and capitalising on economic opportunities, operational efficiencies and cost savings offered by environmental friendliness can advance port SD. Public–private partnerships and policies negotiated by involving all stakeholders were found to foster port sustainability. Most importantly, this study found that, with globalisation, environmental impacts of ports are not always localised. ‘Sustainable’ practices can have unintended consequences in other parts of the world. Therefore, globalisation necessitates a more critical and global analysis of port operations and environment practices in order to be truly sustainable. Although the scope of the research findings is limited to case study ports, the lessons drawn can be constructively applied to any port operating within an institutional system of structured SD.