先进列队行驶技术的社会经济影响评价

以运行评价为基础应用BCA和DEA方法对先进列队行驶技术的社会经济影响进行评价.BCA仅考虑可用货币测度的输出指标旅行时间节省,DEA考虑车流平稳性的增加和旅行时间的节省两项指标,结果表明当列队行驶所占比例超过30%时,并且需求大于5500辆/小时,列队行驶系统能够获得很好的社会经济效果(BCR>1);当列队行驶所占比例不变时,需求水平越高DEA相对效率值越大;由于BCA方法忽略了某些用货币单位难以测度指标的影响,因此可能低估ITS项目的效益,DEA方法能克服这一不足,比BCA方法更有效.     

事故数据存储器

你有没有遇到过这样的客户,这种人在车出现问题时并不如实地反映在此之前他是如何开车的?如果没有遇到过,那么请读这篇有关事故数据记录器的文章。     

驾驶员身心条件安全可靠性综合评价

针对影响驾驶员身心条件安全可靠性的相关因素,对6个城市78万名机动车驾驶员进行了调查测试;通过对22项指标主因子分析,从中筛选出10项代表性指标分别进行分级划分,并基于感知—判断—动作可靠性模型理论,建立了驾驶员安全可靠性综合评价体系。通过对驾驶员身心条件可靠性分布以及驾驶员事故组与非事故组安全可靠性分级分布进行比较分析,研究结果表明:安全可靠度Ⅰ级占25%,Ⅱ级占64%,Ⅲ级占6%,Ⅳ级占2.5%,Ⅴ级占1.5%;而事故主要分布在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级。     

汽车可视系统

现代汽车中应用了越来越多复杂的电子装置，其中包括具有驾驶员操纵便利和安全特性的各种系统。相信，这些电子装置将会在未来几年里引起汽车维修行业的广泛关注。[编者按]     

Algorithms for logit-based stochastic user equilibrium assignment

The paper proposes an efficient algorithm for determining the stochastic user equilibrium solution for logit-based loading. The commonly used Method of Successive Averages typically has a very slow convergence rate. The new algorithm described here uses Williams’ result [ Williams, (1977) On the formation of travel demand models and economic evaluation measures of user benefit. Environment and Planning 9A(3), 285–344] which enables the expected value of the perceived travel costs S_rs to be readily calculated for any flow vector x. This enables the value of the Sheffi and Powell, 1982 objective function [Sheffi, Y. and Powell, W. B. (1982) An algorithm for the equilibrium assignment problem with random link times. Networks 12(2), 191–207], and its gradient in any specified search direction, to be calculated. It is then shown how, at each iteration, an optimal step length along the search direction can be easily estimated, rather than using the pre-set step lengths, thus giving much faster convergence. The basic algorithm uses the standard search direction (towards the auxiliary solution). In addition the performance of two further versions of the algorithm are investigated, both of which use an optimal step length but alternative search directions, based on the Davidon–Fletcher–Powell function minimisation method. The first is an unconstrained and the second a constrained version. Comparisons are made of all three versions of the algorithm, using a number of test networks ranging from a simple three-link network to one with almost 3000 links. It is found that for all but the smallest network the version using the standard search direction gives the fastest rate of convergence. Extensions to allow for multiple user classes and elastic demand are also possible.     

Children’s mode choice for the school trip: the role of distance and school location in walking to school

Rising levels of childhood obesity in the United States and a 75% decline in the proportion of children walking to school in the past 30 years have focused attention on school travel. This paper uses data from the US Department of Transportation’s 2001 National Household Travel Survey to analyze the factors affecting mode choice for elementary and middle school children. The analysis shows that walk travel time is the most policy-relevant factor affecting the decision to walk to school with an estimated direct elasticity of −0.75. If policymakers want to increase walking rates, these findings suggest that current policies, such as Safe Routes to School, which do not affect the spatial distribution of schools and residences will not be enough to change travel behavior. The final part of the paper uses the mode choice model to test how a land use strategy—community schools—might affect walking to school. The results show that community schools have the potential to increase walking rates but would require large changes from current land use, school, and transportation planning practices.

韩国2007年开通第一条机场线

韩国正在建设的机场高速线是一条全长61．7公里，连接首都首尔和仁川国际机场。2001年3月重新改组合并的仁川国际机场铁路公司（Iiarco）获得了该高速铁路30年的运营许可。目前该铁路已经有部分投入使用。文章从规划、实施和运作等方面来对该快速线作了详细介绍。     

A splitting rate model of traffic re-routeing and traffic control

The paper presents an idealised dynamical model of day-to-day or within-day re-routeing using splitting rates at nodes, or node-exit flows, rather than route-flows. It is shown that under certain conditions the dynamical model gives rise to a sequence of link flow vectors which converges to a set of approximate Wardrop equilibria. A special dynamical signal green-time re-allocation model is added; the combination is also shown (in outline) to converge to the set of approximate consistent equilibria under certain conditions. Finally the paper uses model network results to illustrate a method of designing fixed time signal timings to meet different scenarios.     

Factors that affect the ability of people with disabilities to walk or wheel to destinations in their community: a scoping review

ABSTRACT

It is essential that the pedestrian environment accommodates all users so they can participate in everything the community has to offer. However, people with disabilities (PWDs) often find it difficult to navigate this environment because of physical and social accessibility factors. While we know a great deal about which factors act as barriers and facilitators to mobility, we do not know enough about how they influence navigation (i.e. planning a route, en route decisions, and route learning) or how they can be improved. A scoping review was conducted to identify these factors, assess their implications, and suggest future directions. In total, 3394 studies were found and screened, 163 full-text articles were reviewed, and 37 articles met the inclusion criteria for the final review. These studies focused on those with visual impairments, navigating crosswalks, and the cognitive elements of navigation. Future research is needed that includes more types of disabilities, considers the navigational process from planning to arrival, and evaluates interventions.     

Institutional issues in planning for more uncertain futures

Future travel demand has always been difficult to estimate. Recent trends of a slow down or stagnation in traffic growth combined with substantial demographic, economic, and technological shifts further complicate that task. This poses a significant planning challenge given that decision-making is often based on the benefits of infrastructure investments which accrue over periods as long as 60 years. In contrast to the changing ideas around what mobility in the future will look like and the types of demand it may need to service, the practice of forecasting future travel demand remains largely unchanged as do the decision-making processes which flow from this. Alternative approaches to thinking about futures such as scenario planning exist but have had more limited deployment in the transport sector. This paper explores the institutional issues surrounding the purpose, practice and barriers to changing the approaches of forecasting and decision-making through an exploration of the state of practice in the UK drawing on interviews with 23 practitioners. Drawing on Hall’s work on policy change, the research finds that there is a strong policy paradigm built around the relationships between transport investment and traffic growth. This has strengthened since the recession with an increased focus on the relationship between transport and job creation. The forecasting approaches in use today are an important part of a complex decision-making apparatus reflective of specialized policy arenas like transport. Challenges in acknowledging, representing and communicating uncertainty are identified leaving a growing tension between planning visions and planning practice. We conclude by reflecting on events which may stimulate a broader reframing of how we plan for transport futures whilst embracing key uncertainties.