美国铁路车钩缓冲装置的发展（续完）

3　关节式连接器和牵引杆3.1　关节式连接器 　　关节式连接器在客车上已有多年的使用历史，主要用于20世纪30年代一些轻型流线型客车上，但很少在货车上运用。1968年为切萨皮克*俄亥俄铁路制造的活顶漏斗车，其车体间的连接采用由美国铸钢公司研制的关节式连接器，不过并没有收到此类车的订单。20世纪70年代后期，开始使用长途拖车，这时使用单节具有足够长度的车体运载2个拖车已不再合理。虽然可以制造用于运载单节拖车的较短的普通车辆，但这种车辆不能有效利用2个四轮转向架的承载能力。1977年制造出了采用关节式连接器、6节编组的列车，每个车体都运载1个拖车。关节式连接器以切萨皮克*俄亥俄漏斗车连接器为设计原型，相邻车体共同支承在1台四轮转向架上，允许相互间在水平和垂直方向上有一定转角。位于端部2节车的外端以常规方式支撑在独立的转向架上。这样，6节车体（1个车组）仅由7台转向架支承，如按普通结构则需要12台转向架。这种车每辆有10个车体，取得了很大成功。     

Differences in single heavy vehicle crashes at intersections and midblocks

The objective of this research is to identify the factors differentiating between single heavy vehicle collisions at intersections and midblocks by using a binary logit model. Our results show that single vehicle crashes involving heavy vehicle at intersections are more likely to occur on main roads and highways, whereas crashes at midblocks are more likely to occur on divided two‐way roads, roads with special facilities or features (e.g. bridge) and roads with a higher percentage of heavy vehicle traffic. Intersection crashes are also more likely to involve vehicles that are turning left or right, resulting in angle crashes and vehicle overturn, whereas midblock crashes are more likely to involve vehicles on higher posted speed roads. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

White Layer of Hard Turned Surface by Sharp CBN Tool

IntroductionHard turning has been recognized as one of themost competitive clean machining technologies inreplacing of abrasive-based processes, with the de-velopment of high precision numerical machinetools and super-hardness tool material such as ce-ramic, CBN/PCBN (Cubic Boron Nitride/Poly-crystalline Cubic Boron Nitride)[1,2]. Hard turningoperation has shown geometrical flexibility, eco-nomics advantage, environmental friendliness, andsuperior surface integrity which is usually define…     

Determinants of motor vehicle crash fatalities using Bayesian model selection methods

Motor vehicle crashes continue to result in large numbers of fatalities each year and represent the leading cause of death for young persons. In 2006, for example, there were over 42,700 fatalities associated with these crashes. Understanding the causes of these crashes and methods to reduce them continues to be of great interest to economists, public health officials, and policy makers. We present in this paper statistical models using a rich set of panel data covering the period 1980 to 2007 by state and the District of Columbia. Our choice of variables is based on an extensive literature highlighting the importance of policy, safety, demographic, and economic determinants of fatality rates.     

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作为智能交通系统的一部分,在电子信息版显示的电子交通标识,由于能够为驾驶员提供清晰、准确且易于辨识的交通信息,在世界各地得到了日益广泛的应用。本文对韩国首尔市动态交通控制系统中的电子交通标识进行评价和设计。对之前研究中设计的部分标识改进,并在实际某路段的可变信息板显示试验。此外,通过部分驾驶员对这些交通标识的辨识进行分析,对不同方案进行评价,为确定最终的标识提供参考。结果表明,现有欧洲设计和韩国设计的表示交通事故的标志辨识正确率较低（分别为10%和43.5%）;表示拥堵和交通事件的标志辨识正确率在45%至55%间;欧洲设计的雪天警告标志的辨识正确率为17.5%,韩国设计的雪天警告标志相对易于辨识（正确率75.5%）。     

Union rivalry and crew reform in shipping: A United States—Australia comparison

The national-flag fleets of most of the traditional martitime nations have, in virtually every case, been in decline in the 1980s and 1990s, despite the continued growth of ocean shipping. They have declined in terms of numbers of vessels and numbers of sea-going jobs, although not necessarily in terms of cargo carried. However, a number of those nations have responded to the changed technological and competitive conditions with some success by attempting to adjust crewing and work practices on vessels at sea. Neither the USA nor Australia has been in the forefront of such change. However, considerably more progress has been made in modernizing crewing practices and work rules in the Australian-flag fleet than in the US-flag fleet. There are a variety of reasons for this, inluding government policy. However, it is our argument that one of the principal reasons the US fleet lags behind the Australian fleet in the adoption of modern crewing practices and work rules is the much greater degree of union rivalry in the US shipping industry. In fact, while the degree of fragmentation and rivalry among unions in the Australian flag fleet has declined dramatically since 1980, their US cousins have continued, and in some ways expanded, their pattern of fratricidal behavior. First we shall discuss some of the technological and competitive imperatives that are driving human resource management practices in shipping and the crewing and industrial relations adjustments that are being made around the world to adjust to them. Then we shall indicate how the Australian and US fleets have responded to these challenges. This will be followed by a discussion of unionism in the Australian and US maritime industrics as it has devloped in the last two decades of the twentieth century. Finally, we shall draw conclusions about the impact of different patterns of unionization.     

Transportania as gulliver might have seen it

It is an honour to be asked to speak at this, the Silver Jubilee of the International Symposia in 1984, in the presence of a number who, unlike myself, were present at the first symposium at the General Motors Research Laboratories in 1959 - Gordon Newell, Martin Beckmann and, foremost of all, Robert Herman, whose work is to be recognized next week by the award of an Honorary Degree at the University of Karlsruhe. Because it is such an honour to be asked, I had no hesitation in accepting Professor Volmuller's invitation, several months ago - to address you with a causerie on a subject of my choice.