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71.
Patrick S. McCarthy 《Transportation Research Part B: Methodological》1982,16(4):263-278
Current evidence on the transferability of disaggregate travel demand models is inconclusive. Adding to this body of research, the present analysis focuses upon the temporal characteristics of work trip behavior in the San Francisco Bay Area. Using before and after data sets associated with the BART Impact Travel Study, multinomial logit models of work trip modal choice are estimated. The results indicate that the general form and the coefficient estimates of a pre BART model are transferable in time. Moreover, when updated to reflect BART's presence, the model's predictive success and its implied elasticity measures are generally accurate, relative to those implied by reestimating the entire model on post BART data. Finally, as economic theory would predict, elasticity measures of the service related variables were found to increase over time. 相似文献
72.
73.
D. B. Sonawane K. Narayan V. S. Rao S. C. Subramanian 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(5):697-704
Most commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks use an air brake system, often equipped with an S-cam drum brake, to reduce
their speed and/or to stop. With a drum brake system, the clearance between the brake shoe/pad and the brake drum may increase
because of various reasons such as wearing of the brake shoe and/or brake drum and drum expansion caused by high heat generation
during the braking process. Hence, to ensure proper functioning of the brake system, it is essential that the clearance between
the brake shoe and the brake drum is monitored. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for the mechanical subsystem
of the air brake system that can be used to monitor this clearance. This mathematical model correlates the push rod stroke
transients and the brake chamber pressure transients. A kinematic analysis and a dynamic analysis of the mechanical subsystem
of the air brake system were performed, and the results are corroborated with experimental data. 相似文献
74.
75.
Numerical simulations of IC engines are of high interest for automotive engineers worldwide. The simulation models should be as fast as possible, low-computational effort and predictive tool. The correct prediction of turbulence level inside the combustion chamber of spark ignition engines is the most important factor influencing to the engine working cycle. This paper presents a development of the k-ε turbulence model applied to the commercial cycle-simulation software with the high emphasis on the intake part. The validation was performed on two engine geometries with the variation of engine speed and load comparing the cycle-simulation results of the turbulent kinetic energy and in-cylinder temperature with 3-D CFD results. In order to apply the cycle-simulation turbulence model for the simulation of entire engine map, the parameterization model of turbulence constants was proposed. The parameterized turbulence model was optimized using NLPQL optimization algorithm where the single set of turbulence model parameters for each engine was found. A good agreement of the turbulent kinetic energy during the expansion was achieved when the turbulence affects the flame front propagation and combustion rate as well. 相似文献
76.
This papers examines the different choices of High Speed Craft (HSC) hull design available and briefly looks at the advantages and disadvantages of each hull form. The trends in various design aspects of HSC such as speed, capacity and size are studied. An investigation on the HSC development is conducted and the future of HSC in the UK is studied. A study onboard an HSC with the aim of trying to determine what passengers think of HSC and why they travel by them is also conducted. Finally, an analysis of the possible market for HSC is carried out. 相似文献
77.
Alan J. Horowitz 《Transportation》2010,37(4):689-703
This paper describes a group of techniques for disaggregating origin–destination tables for travel forecasting that makes
explicit use of observed traffic on a network. Five models within the group are presented, each of which uses nonlinear least-squares
estimation to obtain row and column factors for splitting trip totals from and to larger geographical areas into smaller ones.
The techniques are philosophically similar to Fratar factoring, although the solution method is quite different. The techniques
are tested on a full-sized network for Northfield, MN and are found to work effectively. 相似文献
78.
79.
Compression ratio (CR) is a design parameter with highest influence on efficiency, emission and engine characteristics. In conventional internal combustion (IC) engines, the compression ratio is fixed and their performance is, therefore, a compromise between conflicting requirements. One fundamental problem is that drive units in the vehicles must successfully operate at variable speed and loads and in different ambient conditions. If a diesel engine has a fixed CR, a minimal value must be chosen that can achieve a reliable self-ignition when starting the engine in cold start conditions. In diesel engines, variable compression ratio (VCR) provides control of peak cylinder pressure, improves cold start ability and low load operation, enabling the multi-fuel capability, increase of fuel economy and reduction of emissions. By application of VCR and other mechanisms, the optimal regime fields are extended to the prime requirements: consumption, power, emission, noise, etc., and/or the possibility of the engine to operate with different fuels is extended. An experimental Diesel engine has been developed at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac. The changes of CR are realized by changing the piston chamber diameter. Detailed engine tests were performed at the Laboratory for IC engines. Special attention has been given to decrease of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. An optimal field of CR variation has been determined depending on the given objectives: minimal fuel consumption, minimal nitric oxides, and particulate matter emissions, etc. 相似文献
80.
V. Alkan S. M. Karamihas G. Anlas 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(4):529-535
To investigate static tire enveloping characteristics, a three dimensional (3-D) finite element model is proposed. The vertical
stiffness of the tire is studied on a flat surface with and without cleat. Tire rubber materials and cord layers are represented
independently using “rebar” elements available in MSC Marc Mentat. Comparisons of numerical and experimental results are given
to show the validity of the proposed model. It is shown that after a certain displacement, the results of the proposed model
agree well with experimental results. In addition, the model results show that regardless of the type of the cleat placed
under the rim center (hub center), all vertical force curves intersect after a certain displacement, which indicates typical
static enveloping characteristics. Moreover, another typical characteristic of the radial tires that is unlike those of bias-ply
constructions confirms that the contact patch does not expand laterally after a level vertical load is applied to the tire,
which is directly related to fuel consumption and tire tread life. 相似文献