Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

KZ4A型机车车体设计

KZ4A型机车车体是以底架、侧构、司机室等组焊成的全钢焊接结构,顶部是4个可拆卸的铝合金活动顶盖。文章详细介绍了该车体的结构特点及各部件组成。     

战后初期日本的对华政策(1945～1952)

日本于1952年旧金山和约生效前虽因失去国家独立和主权而致外交空间狭小，但仍对东亚国际政治局面积极应对，即一面在美国的安排下，参与排斥中华人民共和国于和会之外，并推进与台湾的媾和；一面则在所有外交交涉中处心积虑为与大陆建立关系留下余地。在此过程中凸现的现实主义外交手法和原则对以后的日本政府的对华政策影响至深。     

电子签名技术及其在公路工程管理中的应用

随着我国公路工程管理信息化程度的日益提高,传统签名方式已经成为阻碍工程项目信息化管理发展的瓶颈。本文在介绍电子签名技术的基础上,对电子签名技术在公路工程项目文档管理中的应用等问题做了探讨。     

改进的水泥混凝土路面温度应力系数经验公式表达

现行规范水泥混凝土路面的温度应力系数需要人工查图读取，不可避免地存在主观性，也不利于计算机技术的应用。通过查图读取数据，应用双线性函数、一般化的二次方程、以及其他简单函数拟合，得到了含有13个常量的改进的温度应力系数Bx经验公式。分析表明，基于查图数据，对应99％的保证率，使用公式引起的温度疲劳应力的误差不超过水泥混凝土弯拉强度的1％。公式对温度应力系数的解析描述，不但克服了查图的缺点，也为进一步的研究工作准备了条件。     

Basic Analytical Study of Pantograph-catenary System Dynamics

For a high speed electrical rail system, good dynamic performance of the pantograph-catenary system is vital for smooth and continuous current collection. It has been known for many years that to achieve this the head of the pantograph should be made as light as possible and the average stiffness of the catenary should be high. These conclusions, however, have been reached by numerical modelling and operational experience. In this paper the pantograph-catenary system is modelled as a time-varying, single degree-of-freedom system to facilitate an analytical investigation of the system dynamics. Although the model is very simple, it allows physical insight into the dynamic behaviour of the system, and because the excitation is parametric it also allows the stability of the system to be investigated. The finite element method is used to determine the catenary characteristics and Floquet theory is used to analyse the behaviour of the coupled system.     

The role of professional associations in shipping

This article is in three parts. The first covers the historical development of qualifying associations. The second covers the particular role of maritime institutions that include The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, The Institute of Marine Engineering Science and Technology and The Nautical Institute. The third and final section considers the future for maritime professional associations in the context of international shipping.     

辽阳地区地基土的工程地质特点分析

利用取样分析的方法,对辽阳地区地基土的工程地质特点进行了统计分析。分析结果对辽阳地区的工程勘察、设计、施工具有一定的指导意义。     

地铁车辆辅助逆变器的设计与仿真

以地铁车辆用DC1500V/160kVA辅助逆变器为例,阐述了采用IGBT作为主要开关元件的主电路及其控制系统,并利用MATLAB/SIMULINK进行仿真验证其可行性,最后给出了采用电压空间矢量控制的仿真结果。     

透视我国中小港口发展

在枢纽港之争的背后,中小港口的发展应得到更多的重视,文章分析了中小港口存在的问题,明确了中小港口发展定位,指出中小港口发展动因及阻力,对其发展方向给予建议。