Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.     

Parameters Optimization for HEV Based on Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Algorithm

分别采用多层次参数扫描(MLPS)算法和模拟退火粒子群优化(SAPSO)算法对并联式混合动力车逻辑门限控制策略的参数进行优化.将优化后的车辆以TEST-CITY-HWY测试循环进行仿真,并将结果与优化前的车辆的仿真结果进行对比.结果表明,经MLPS算法优化后,燃油消耗和HC与NOx排放分别下降了11.98％、6.01％和4.03％,但CO排放增加了25.18％;经SAPSO算法优化后,燃油消耗和HC、CO与NOx排放分别下降了13.61％、9.57％、27.78％和18.53％,且电池荷电状态(SOC)比MLPS优化略高.说明SAPSO算法在混合动力车控制参数优化效果上明显优于MLPS算法.     

海拔对铁路隧道内瞬变压力及车厢内乘坐舒适性的影响

利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,基于三维可压缩、黏性、非定常流场数值模拟方法,建立隧道-空气-列车三维数值仿真模型.针对高海拔地区隧道空气动力学效应,研究列车以300 km/h的速度运行通过不同海拔隧道时产生的隧道内瞬变压力及车体表面瞬变压力的变化特征,分析大气压和温度等因素对瞬变压力的影响规律,得到海拔高度与瞬变压...     

The role of children’s independent mobility and social media use for face-to-face social interaction with friends

Transportation - Social interaction with friends is an important contributor to children’s well-being, but how transport affects this is rarely studied. For two or more children (not of the...     

政府干预与政策竞争:欧盟阻止船舶移籍的经验及其对中国的启示

从政策选择上对如何阻止长期以来困扰国际海运业的船舶移籍问题进行探讨，基于对国内外船舶移籍现状及其发展过程的分析，深入分析了欧盟成员国在阻止船舶移籍方面所采取的政府干预与政策竞争策略，指出了中国改善船舶移籍状况的政策取向。     

沥青混合料抗车辙性能的分形描述方法

为了准确模拟沥青混合料抗车辙性能,采用分形理论分析了沥青混合料微观结构,研究了粗细集料不同级配分形维数对沥青混合料抗车辙性能的影响,并根据级配分形维数公式计算了沥青混合料的分形值,进行了沥青混合料车辙试验和微观结构的电子扫描。分析结果表明:4.75 mm通过率是集料尺度的分界点,集料分形维数与抗车辙性能有一致相关性,分形值越大,抗车辙能力越高;根据路用性能设计集料级配可以定量地分析沥青混合料的级配差异和路面性能,及路面微观结构与宏观路用性能的关系。     

办公自动化环境下公文管理的Petri网模型

办公自动化系统是实现企业内部各部门之间办公信息的收集与处理、流动与共享、实现科学决策的信息系统.公文管理作为企业办公自动化系统的核心涉及到几乎所有的部门,文中在分析公文管理特点的基础上,以Petri网为描述手段,建立了企业办公自动化环境下收发文过程的Petri网模型,并利用矩阵方程对其进行了相关的分析和验证.     

自主水下航行器发展概述

自主水下航行器（AUVs）因其应用于海洋勘探而逐渐成为一个有趣的研究对象。波浪滑翔机是一种行驶于波浪表面的无人滑行器（SUV）,它借助海洋能来推动自己,这对于典型的AUVs所采用的电机供能以及昂贵的锚链系统浮标供
　　能来说,是一种技术上的重大跨越。该文讨论了最有效率的AUVs类型。第一部分为每一种类型的发展历程,第二部分为它们各自的技术特点。此外,波浪滑翔机作为应用于海洋部门的一种新型水下机器人,文中简要地给出它的过去,现在以及未来的发展概述。研究波浪滑翔机的意义在于证明它的效率以及实用性,进而取代诸多的AUVs来实现各种实际应用。而研究结果也表明波浪滑翔机确实可以应用于众多领域。对于海洋检测而言,相比于其他AUVs,波浪滑翔机提供了更廉价,更经济,更环保的作业模式,同时也不需要缆绳、船舶等海上作业服务。     

Modification of the Highway Capacity Manual two‐lane highway analysis procedure for Spanish conditions

The US Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) methodology is used in Spain to evaluate traffic operation and quality of service. The effect of passing manoeuvre on two‐lane highway operational performance is considered through adjustment factors to average travel speeds and percent time spent following. The procedure is largely based on simulations in TWOPAS and passing behaviours observed during US calibrations in the 1970s. It is not clear whether US driving behaviour and vehicles' performance are comparable with Spanish conditions. The objective of this research is to adapt the HCM 2010 methodology to Spanish driver behaviour, for base conditions (i.e. no passing restrictions). To do so, TWOPAS was calibrated and validated based on current Spanish passing field data. The calibration used a genetic algorithm. The case study included an ideal two‐lane highway with varying directional traffic flow rate, directional split and percentage of trucks. The updated methodology for base conditions is simpler than the current HCM 2010 and does not rely on interpolation from tables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.