Air pollution history elucidated from anthropogenic spherules and their magnetic signatures in marine sediments offshore of Southwestern Taiwan

Kaohsiung City and its neighborhood in the southwestern coastal plain of Taiwan have suffered serious air pollution since the region became the largest center for heavy-industry on the island. In order to unravel the air pollution history of the region, four ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs-dated sediment box cores recovered in 2006 from offshore of this area were chosen for magnetic and petrographic analyses. The data were used to distinguish changes in concentration, composition and grain size of magnetic particles in the sediments due to inputs of anthropogenic magnetic spherules. Sedimentation rates have been reasonably constant for the last one hundred years, except at the core tops which were affected by a turbidite layer induced by a typhoon in 2005. Down-core profiles of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) are similar among the cores, and reflect similar trends to magnetic spherule counts. This reveals that χ and SIRM of modern marine sediments can be used as air pollution indicators for nearby industrialized upwind areas. The studied record indicates that industrialization of the area was gradual during 1950–1980 and boomed afterward, resulting in a high production of airborne magnetic spherules, which is consistent with evidence for poor air quality at that time. Optical and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) surveys of magnetic extracts indicate that the magnetic spherules have grain sizes ranging from a few micrometers up to 50 μm and consist mainly of iron oxides with variable Si, Al, and Ca contents. X-ray diffraction analysis on magnetic extracts from different depths in the cores further indicates that magnetite and pyrrhotite, which are derived from terrigenous detritus, form the magnetic constituents of the sediments before the area was industrialized. In contrast, during the industrial boom, anthropogenic magnetite and hematite spherules became the dominant magnetic particles in the sediments. Down-core profiles of hard isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) below the turbidite layer also reveal similar trends to the corresponding magnetic spherule counts, which indicate that the concentration of hematite in the sediments is also closely related to the extent of air pollution. In addition, relatively low values of χ_ARM/χ, which are indicative of coarse magnetic grains, started to occur when large magnetite spherules became significant during the industrialized period. The air pollution history elucidated from our sediment core data not only reflects the development of Kaohsiung from a small village to a highly industrialized metropolitan area in the 20th century, but it is also consistent with the most recent air pollution trends revealed by real time air quality measurements of PM₁₀. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of magnetic parameters for delineating the air pollution history of coastal marine sediments down-wind of nearby industrialized regions.     

Analysis of velocity fluctuations and their intermittency properties in the surf zone using empirical mode decomposition

We consider here surf zone turbulence measurements, recorded in the Eastern English Channel using a sonic anemometer. In order to characterize the intermittent properties of their fluctuations at many time scales, we analyze the experimental time series using the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method. The series is decomposed into a sum of modes, each one narrow-banded, and we show that some modes are associated with the energy containing wave breaking scales, and other modes are associated with small-scale intermittent fluctuations. We use the EMD approach in association with a newly developed method based on Hilbert spectral analysis, representing the probability density function in an amplitude–frequency space. We then characterize the fluctuations in a stochastic framework using a cumulant generating function for all scales, and compare the results obtained from direct and classical structure function analysis, to EMD–Hilbert spectral analysis results, showing that the former method saturates at large scales, whereas the latter method is more precise in its scale approach. These results show the strength of the new EMD–Hilbert spectral analysis method for data presenting a strong forcing such as found in shallow water, wave dominated situations.     

船舶风倾力矩数值预报方法研究

以集装箱船为研究对象,基于CFD技术,对船舶风倾力矩预报的有关理论、计算方法和具体应用进行了探讨。计算表明应用数值计算方法可以对不同速度下的风倾力矩进行计算,但数值模拟的风速在竖直方向上是均匀分布的,这与实际风速结构有点区别,而在与规范计算的比较中也可以看出两者有一定的差距,因而可能还需借助试验来验证其精确性。     

浅水铺管船自动喷水灭火系统设计

就浅水铺管船自动喷淋水灭火系统的工作原理、系统的分区、喷头的布置等作简要介绍;同时对喷淋系统主要设备参数进行计算,为设备选型提供依据。     

舰船电力系统自适应电流保护网络拓扑分析

舰船电力系统自适应电流保护是根据电网的运行方式、网络结构和故障类型等来实时改变保护定值或保护性能,使保护最优化。网络拓扑结构的变化可以通过检测开关、断路器等的开断和闭合情况以及线路电流、电压的变化来确定,它是进行保护分析的基础。本文简单介绍了舰船电力系统保护研究的现状,阐述了引入舰船电力系统自适应电流保护的重要性,并主要论述了如何通过节支关联矩阵来对网络结构变化进行跟踪。     

永磁无刷直流电机霍尔位置传感器的安装

永磁无刷直流电机在各行各业的应用越来越广泛。在永磁无刷直流电机中,霍尔位置传感器经常用来测量电机的转子位置和转速。转子位置传感器的安装精度直接关系到永磁无刷直流电机的运行,因此如何安装传感器是非常重要的。本文结合作者多年从事无刷直流电机开发的经验,提出了简便易行的霍尔位置传感器安装方法。     

盾构施工筹划原则及影响因素分析

以北京地铁4号线11合同段(灵境胡同-新街口)四站三区间的盾构施工筹划为例,重点分析影响盾构施工筹划的因素;以方案比较的方法,介绍了确定三区间总体筹划方案的详细过程.     

新型沥青添加剂TPS的性能

为了了解新型添加剂TPS的路用性能,进行了不同TPS掺量的沥青胶结料的针入度试验、软化点试验、稠度试验、延度及测力延度试验、弹性恢复试验及弯曲蠕变试验、直接拉伸试验,对加入TPS添加剂后的沥青混合料,进行了车辙试验、弯曲破坏试验、疲劳试验和冻融劈裂试验,并与SBS改性沥青混合料的部分试验结果进行了对比。结果表明添加TPS后,沥青胶结料的感温性、高温性与低温性及沥青混合料的高温稳定性、低温抗裂性、抗疲劳性和水稳定性都得到了较大程度的提高,添加TPS沥青混凝土具有良好的路用性能。     

基于单片机的船舶自动舵模糊控制系统

该文针对船舶常规自动舵所存在的问题,设计了一种基于自校正模糊控制与Bang-Bang控制相结合的混合控制器,经仿真试验结果表明,加入此混合控制器后,极大地提高了船舶自动舵控制性能。     

集装箱码头装船系统及其应用

近十年来全球化的集装箱运输有了突飞猛进的发展,随着集装箱船舶的大型化、高速化,港口操作箱量不断增长,如何尽可能以低成本提高码头的生产装卸效率是目前许多港口企业正在探讨的经营战略方向.