Transport and nation‐state governments worldwide: a further review

The review undertaken in this Paper shows how, in 1984, governments of nation‐states of the world deal with the important function of Transport. In all 115 countries are included and, with the information now given, it is possible to compare the situation with 1981–82, and also have a current global view of affairs affecting Transport as managed by governments. Such a review is part of the service which Transport Reviews provides for its readers. It is hoped to conduct a further review in 1988.     

The implications of MARPOL Annex V on the management of ports and coastal communities

Abstract

The passage of the Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 (MPPRCA), which codified Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), has encompassed every commercial and recreational shipping and boating facility in the United States. As a group, these ports, harbors, and marinas form a significant, although proportionately small, portion of the coastline of the country. More important, the economic benefits derived from the complex shoreside infrastructures required for international ocean trade, commercial and recreational fishing, and pleasure boating indicate just how critical it is for these facilities to be in conformance with effective and prudent coastal zone and environmental management practices.     

TD-SCDMA系统接力切换中数据发送点的选择方法优化

接力切换是TD—SCDMA移动通信系统的核心技术之一。本文提出可提高新RL的发射功率、保证UE在切换区域接收到目标小区发送的用户数据、同时可避免对其他UE造成干扰的接力切换中目标小区用户数据发送点的优化选择方法。     

汽车外饰用耐候PC材料的开发及应用

汽车外饰灯具用PC材料通常还需在表面喷涂一层UV漆,以提高零件表面的耐光性能及耐磨性能。但对于结构设计复杂的灯具,工艺上无法实现UV喷涂,这就对灯具材料提出了更高的要求。为解决这类灯具对材料的要求,保证产品性能及工艺可实施性,开发了应用于汽车外部灯具的免喷涂、透明改性聚碳酸酯材料。介绍了材料开发机理及改性制备方法,该材料通过了全面的实验验证,并已成功应用。     

Estimating traffic demand risk – A multiscale analysis

This paper proposes a novel method for estimating the traffic demand risk associated with transportation. Using mathematical properties of wavelets, we develop a statistical measure of traffic demand sensitivity with respect to GDP. This measure can be adapted in a flexible way to capture risk levels relevant for different investment horizons. We demonstrate the timescale decomposition of risk with Swedish traffic demand data for 1950–2005. In general, rail transport shows a stronger co-movement with GDP than road transport. Moreover, we examine the volatility exhibited by traffic demand. Our findings suggest that rail investments are more risky than road investments. Since the findings can be used for optimal investment timing and for choice between public investment alternatives, they are deemed important for public policy in general.     

山区峡谷非均匀风场下大跨度斜拉桥静风稳定性分析

为研究山区峡谷地形下非均匀风场对大跨度桥梁静风稳定性的影响，以一座跨越典型山区峡谷地形的大跨度斜拉桥为工程背景，首先，采用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件Fluent对桥址区地形的风场特性进行分析，计算出沿主梁方向的非均匀风速和非均匀风攻角分布；然后，采用ANSYS APDL技术实现能考虑非均匀风速和非均匀风攻角下大桥静风稳定性的非线性分析方法。在此基础上，综合考察非均匀风攻角分布、非均匀风速分布、非均匀风速非均匀风攻角分布等风场条件对大桥静风稳定性的影响，分析各工况下主梁的静风变形与跨中处拉索刚度变化。研究结果表明：与均匀风场条件下的静风响应不同，非均匀风攻角或非均匀风速下主梁静风响应最大值点位于风荷载峰值点与跨中之间，在针对非均匀风场下大桥的静风稳定性分析时，应更注重静风响应最大值点而不是跨中处；非均匀风攻角下大桥的静风失稳临界风速要远低于均匀风攻角的静风失稳临界风速，且其静风稳定性能主要受最大风攻角而不是主跨部分非均匀风攻角的平均值来控制；非均匀风速下大桥的静风失稳临界风速主要由主跨部分的风速平均值和最大值共同影响；主梁的竖向位移和扭转角形状主要由风攻角因素来控制，而横向位移的变化规律相对较独立，其形状基本上以跨中线对称，且其值主要由风速因素来决定。     

Characteristic flow patterns generated by macrozoobenthic structures

A laboratory flume channel, equipped with an acoustic Doppler flow sensor and a bottom scanning laser, was used for detailed, non-intrusive flow measurements (at 2 cm s^− 1 and 10 cm s^− 1) around solitary biogenic structures, combined with high-resolution mapping of the structure shape and position. The structures were replicates of typical macrozoobenthic species commonly found in the Mecklenburg Bight and with a presumed influence on both, the near-bed current regime and sediment transport dynamics: a worm tube, a snail shell, a mussel, a sand mound, a pit, and a cross-stream track furrow. The flow was considerably altered locally by the different protruding structures (worm tube, snail, mussel and mound). They reduced the horizontal approach velocity by 72% to 79% in the wake zone at about 1–2 cm height, and the flow was deflected around the structures with vertical and lateral velocities of up to 10% and 20% of the free-stream velocity respectively in a region adjacent to the structures. The resulting flow separation (at flow Reynolds number of about 4000 and 20,000 respectively) divided an outer deflection region from an inner region with characteristic vortices and the wake region. All protruding structures showed this general pattern, but also produced individual characteristics. Conversely, the depressions (track and pit) only had a weak influence on the local boundary layer flow, combined with a considerable flow reduction within their cavities (between 29% and 53% of the free-stream velocity). A longitudinal vortex formed, below which a stagnant space was found. The average height affected by the structure-related mass flow rate deficit for the two velocities was 1.6 cm and 1.3 cm respectively (80% of height and 64%) for the protruding structures and 0.6 cm and 0.9 cm (90% and 127% of depth) for the depressions. Marine benthic soft-bottom macrozoobenthos species are expected to benefit from the flow modifications they induce, particularly in terms of food particle capture due to altered particle pathways and residence times, but also for the exchange of gases, solutes and spawn. The present results confirm previous studies on flow interaction effects of various biogenic structures, and they add a deeper level of detail for a better understanding of the fine-scale effects.     

An algorithm for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll and SST satellite imagery

An algorithm is described for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll (Chl) and sea surface temperature (SST) satellite imagery. The algorithm is based on a gradient approach: the main novelty is a shape-preserving, scale-sensitive, contextual median filter applied selectively and iteratively until convergence. This filter has been developed specifically for Chl since these fields have spatial patterns such as chlorophyll enhancement at thermohaline fronts and small- and meso-scale chlorophyll blooms that are not present in SST fields. Linear Chl enhancements and localized (point-wise) blooms are modeled as ridges and peaks respectively, whereas conventional fronts in Chl and SST fields are modeled as steps or ramps. Examples are presented of the algorithm performance using modeled (synthetic) images as well as synoptic Chl and SST imagery. After testing, the algorithm was used on > 6000 synoptic images, 1999–2007, to produce climatologies of Chl and SST fronts off the U.S. Northeast.     

一种新的双向绿波实用设计方法

以实际应用为目标,提出一种考虑了实际行驶车速、交叉口红灯排队车辆、交叉口间距等因素的双向绿波实用设计方法,并在昆明市滇池路沿线四个交叉口进行实地验证,分别采用传统数解法和一种新的方法进行绿波控制,通过两种方案实施后的评价指标的对比,证明了新方法的有效性和实用性.     

浅析BIM技术应用收费标准

上海市、广东省、湖南省等地发布了关于BIM技术应用的地方性收费标准,有助于加速BIM技术市场化,但这些标准不够完善。通过对已发布的相关收费标准进行梳理,分析认为按建筑面积计费可能存在投入与收取费用偏差大、调整系数取值不确定性大等不足。希冀本研究成果为新制订或完善相关标准、工程造价与审计认定等工作提供参考。