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51.
This study aims to investigate the combustion characteristics of mixed fuel of liquefied propane gas (LPG) and biodiesel under compression ignition (CI) in an effort to develop highly efficient and environmentally friendly mixed fuelbased CI engines. Although LPG fuel is known to be eco-friendly due to its low CO2 emission, LPG has not yet been widely applied for highly efficient CI engines because of its low cetane number and is usually mixed with other types of CI-friendly fuels. In this study, a number of experiments were prepared with a constant volume chamber (CVC) setup to understand the fundamental combustion characteristics of mixed fuel with LPG and biodiesel in two weight-based ratios and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) conditions. The results from the current investigations verify the applicability of mixed fuel of LPG and biodiesel in CI engines with a carefully designed combustion control strategy that maximizes the benefits of the mixed fuel. Based on the results of this study, ignition is improved by increasing the cetane value by using higher blending ratios of biodiesel. As the blending ratios of biodiesel increased, CO and HC decreased and CO2 and NOx increases.  相似文献   
52.
The Polar Front in the Japan/East Sea separates the southern warm water region from the northern cold water region. A merged TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS-1/2 altimeter dataset and upper water temperature data were used to determine the frontal location and to examine the structure of its interannual variability from 1993 to 2001. The identified frontal location, where sea surface height gradient has a maximum about 10–20 cm over the horizontal distance of 100 km, corresponds well to the maximum subsurface horizontal temperature gradient. The front migrates more widely (36°N–41°N) in the western part of the sea than in the eastern part. The interannual migration induces large variability in upper water temperatures and sea surface height in the western region. Responsible physical mechanisms were studied using a reduced-gravity model. Differences between inflow and outflow change the total volume of warm water, and total warm water volume change in the warm water region uniformly pushes the front in the meridional direction across its mean position in the model simulation. Interannual variation of wind stress causes relatively wide migration of the modeled front in the western part.  相似文献   
53.
  目的  重点推导在静水压力下完好和损伤的钢质环肋圆柱壳极限强度预测公式。考虑的损伤场景可代表海上环肋圆柱壳结构(如潜艇、半潜式平台、桅杆以及作为浮式海上风力涡轮机底座的浮柱)的碰撞事故。  方法  验证数值模拟和分析技术,对6种小型环肋圆柱壳模型进行试验。首先,采用刀口压头跌落试验分析4种圆柱模型的损坏情况,然后将所有模型置于静水压力下进行测试,以评估完好和损坏情况下的极限强度。通过改变设计变量,对实际设计的全尺寸环肋圆柱壳进行严格的参数化研究,最后根据参数化研究结果推导出预测损坏环肋圆柱壳剩余强度的简单计算公式。  结果  计算结果与试验结果和有限元分析结果的准确性和可靠性比较结果显示,在所有载荷情况下,吻合均较好。  结论  所做研究对海上结构物环肋圆柱壳的设计和使用极限状态评估具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   
54.
The Simulation Programme for Overhead contact lines – Pantograph System (SPOPS) is based on a two-dimensional finite element model of an overhead contact line and a lumped mass model for a pantograph. The SPOPS allows for a lateral change of contact points between the pantograph and the contact wire and for the rolling motions of contact strips in the pantograph model. Thus, the programme can consider the stagger of a contact wire in a dynamic simulation. Either a penalty method or a Lagrange multiplier method can be chosen to model the contact phenomenon between a pantograph and a contact wire. According to pantograph–catenary benchmark results, the simulation results obtained from the SPOPS are very close to the average values of the simulation results obtained from programmes implemented in the benchmark work in all cases, including a three-dimensional (3-D) case. These benchmark results demonstrate that the SPOPS is as accurate as other fully 3-D simulation programmes while utilising minimal computational efforts.  相似文献   
55.
For the control of anti-lock brake system (ABS), a longitudinal four-wheel vehicle model with brake actuator is described and a sliding mode controller with pulse width modulation (PWM) method has been developed for passenger vehicles. In our research, we introduced actuator dynamics in the system equation and derived the equivalent control input theoretically. We propose using the PWM method to compensate for the discrete nature of actuator dynamics by duty control. Stability of the PWM controller for sliding mode control (SMC) was theoretically checked. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithms was confirmed by vehicle tests on an In-door test bench that was specially constructed for the purpose concerned.  相似文献   
56.
The objective of this study is the development of the short‐term prediction models to predict average spot speeds of the subject location in the short‐term periods of 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively. In this study, field data were used to see the comparison of the predictability of Regression Analysis, ARIMA, Kalman Filtering and Neural Network models. These field data were collected from image processing detectors at the urban expressway for 17 hours including both peak and non‐peak hours. Most of the results were reliable, but the results of models using Kalman Filtering and Neural Networks are more accurate and realistic than those of the others.  相似文献   
57.
An efficient multibody dynamic model was developed to predict the vibrating transmitted gear forces of loaded and unloaded pairs of helical gears simultaneously at all speeds. The model can also calculate the bearing forces of a manual transmission that, in turn, may be converted to rattling noises. The bending of meshing gear teeth and torsional flexibility of transmission shafts were considered and embodied effectively in the multibody dynamic model by calculating the tooth bending stiffness and adding a torsion spring on a shaft section between two gears, respectively. The reactive forces on teeth and bearings were calculated and compared using three different models that were developed for this study — an equivalent model, a rigid-body model, and a frequency-based model. The equivalent model took only 58% computation time, compared to the frequency-based method, even though the two showed very similar results.  相似文献   
58.
This paper presents an improved, significantly more efficient formulation of an existing model for bulk cargo or semi-bulk cargo ship scheduling problems with a single loading port. The original model, published by Ronen in 1986, was formulated as a non-linear, mixed integer program. In this work, the authors were able to re-formulate it into a linear one, by eliminating all the non-linearities of the original model. In addition, this model has far fewer integer variables than the original one. A numerical example has been given to illustrate the elimination of non-linearities and how 40 integer variables, in the original model, are reduced to just eight. This example also shows that this model is better at finding exact optimal solutions than the original one. It is also worth observing that the resulting model is a generalization of the 'capacitated facility location problem'.  相似文献   
59.
Rational structural design of ships or offshore platforms against collisions requires prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates generated by lateral impact. In predicting the extent of collision damage, most researchers employ numerical analysis methods using commercial software packages. Like other structural problems, any nonlinear dynamic analysis methods should be substantiated with relevant test data prior to being employed for design. Unfortunately, full-scale collision tests on marine structures are very rare. Still, results from collision tests on marine structural elements can help to substantiate theoretical methods for collision analyses. Lateral collision test data for unstiffened plates are available, but it is difficult to find results from tests on stiffened plates in the open literature. In this paper, the results of lateral collision tests on 33 stiffened plates are reported. A simplified analytical method is developed for the prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates due to lateral collisions and this method is substantiated with the test results. Also proposed is a simple criterion with which the occurrence of crack damage can be judged.  相似文献   
60.
ABSTRACT

This paper presents a case study of the optimal ALINEA ramp metering system model of a corridor of the metro Atlanta freeway. Based on real-world traffic data, this study estimates the origin-destination matrix for the corridor. Using a stochastic simulation-based optimization framework that combines a micro-simulation model and a genetic algorithm-based optimization module, we determine the optimal parameter values of a combined ALINEA ramp metering system with a queue flush system that minimizes total vehicle travel time. We found that the performance of ramp metering with optimized parameters, which is very sensitive possibly because bottlenecks are correlated, outperforms the no control model with its optimized parameters in terms of reducing total travel time.  相似文献   
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