Characteristics of bubble plumes, bubble-plume bubbles and waves from wind-steepened wave breaking

Observations of breaking waves, associated bubble plumes and bubble-plume size distributions were used to explore the coupled evolution of wave-breaking, wave properties and bubble-plume characteristics. Experiments were made in a large, freshwater, wind-wave channel with mechanical wind-steepened waves and a wind speed of 13 m s^− 1. Bubble plumes exhibited a wide range of bubble distributions, physical extent and dynamics. A classification scheme was developed based on plume extent and “optical density” which is the ability of a plume to optically obscure the image of the background until maximum penetration of the plume. Plumes were classified as either dense (obscure) or diffuse (no-obscure). For each class, the plume bubble population size distribution, Φ(r,t), where r is the bubble radius and t the time, was determined. Dense plumes have a large radius peak in Φ and thus are enhanced in large bubbles. Diffuse plumes are well-described by a weakly size decreasing Φ(r,t) for r < 1000 μm and a more strongly size decreasing Φ(r,t) for r > 1000 μm.The bubble-plume formation rate, P, for each class, wave-breaking rate and wave characteristics were measured with respect to fetch. Wave-breaking rate and intensity are strongly fetch-dependent. In general, the trends in P and wave breaking are similar, reaching a maximum at the fetch of maximum wave breaking. The ratio of P for dense to diffuse plumes is even more sensitive to the occurrence of the most intense wave breaking, where dense plume formation is the greatest.Using P and the bubble size population distributions for each plume class, the global bubble-plume, injection size distribution, Ψ_i(r), was calculated. The volume injection rate for the study area was 640 cm³ s^− 1 divided approximately equally between bubbles smaller and larger than r  1700 μm.     

预应力锚索地梁的内力计算

讨论了高边坡工程中预应力锚索地梁的内力按Winkler假定和弹性半无限地基梁计算等方法,通过工程实例对比了这些计算方法,并根据对计算结果的分析讨论了各自的适用条件.分析了锚索张拉阶段和工作阶段地梁的受力机理,提出应对这两个阶段分别计算地梁的内力,并建议了合理的验算方法.     

船舶概念设计阶段多学科和多目标优化研究

船型设计之初,设计者往往会通过船舶多个学科的分析,并从很多船型方案中进行选择比较.该文基于多学科设计优化(MDO)的框架,采用多目标进化算法和决策技术的运用,讨论了船舶概念设计阶段的综合性能优化问题.将船舶总体概念设计按MDO的要求分解为系统控制层和5个子系统,考虑了排水量、综合效率、相对回转直径和造价等多目标函数,采用改进的非支配解排序的多目标进化优化算法(NSGA Ⅱ)和多学科可行解方法(MDF)求出Pareto最优解.然后用逼近理想解的排序方法(TOPSIS)对这些Pareto解进行选优.应用文中的方法,对35 000吨载重量的油船进行了概念设计分析.数值算例表明,综合多学科设计和多目标优化以及决策,能够有效、客观选择合理的船型和主尺度参数.     

沥青路面智能压实技术研究动态

随着道路施工机械化、信息化与数字化集成水平的提高，沥青路面智能压实技术也成为研究与应用热点。有效检测沥青路面压实状态，并且能够准确判别与控制压实质量是实现压实“智能化”的关键，也是实现科学提升路面路用性能和使用寿命的基础。从沥青路面智能压实质量控制原理上进行分类讨论，主要包括机械振动响应、雷达反射波以及智能颗粒细观响应。紧密结合工程实际分析优缺点，为后续沥青路面智能压实的技术发展方向提供借鉴。     

基于可解释极端随机树模型的 DCT 液压响应预测

为解决传统湿式双离合器变速器 （Dual Clutch Transmission， DCT） 控制策略在硬件误差以及复杂工况下液压响应预测精度不完全可控的问题，提出了一种基于 SHAP 图可解释极端随机树预测模型，使用机器学习方法结合某汽车公司 DCT 实验室采集的真实离合器数据对 DCT 液压响应进行预测。模型利用 SHAP 算法对于重要特征选择的可解释性，筛选并保留对液压响应影响较大的特征，将时间切片和升降压判定作为特征加入训练数据，训练预测模型。结果表明，该模型训练结果的均方误差 MSE 为 0.670 3，可决系数 R2为 1.000 0，并且在测试集上预测值与实际值之间的平均误差为12.99 kPa，远低于设计误差 25 kPa，具有较高的预测精度，特征选择较准确，可以很好地解决传统物理模型无法计算不同工况下液压响应的问题，为下阶段基于数据和物理双驱动的DCT控制策略优化提供较准确的预测结果。