弥漫性轴索损伤后胶质反应及生化标记物的研究进展

弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury,DAI)后胶质反应与继发性轴索损伤、轴突再生及患者的预后密切相关,而且DAI后一些特异性生化标志物可以发生明显的变化。目前的研究表明,DAI后胶质细胞既能通过胶质瘢痕形成、炎症反应、髓鞘丢失等多种机制参与DAI后继发性损伤的发生,又能通过释放神经营养因子、清除细胞碎片、阻止病损蔓延等促进轴突修复和再生,胶质细胞之间、胶质细胞与神经元之间的相互作用是最终导致DAI后神经元死亡以及轴突继发性断裂的主要原因;DAI后β淀粉样蛋白、神经微丝和微管相关蛋白等特异性生化指标能更早期、更准确地显示DAI的发生与发展,将弥补影像学及临床特征诊断的不足。这些研究不但为DAI后神经保护及轴突再生提供治疗靶点,也为进一步研究并寻找新的DAI相关生化标记物提供理论依据。进一步阐明DAI后胶质细胞激活、胶质细胞与神经元相互作用、胶质细胞之间相互作用的相关分子机制及其复杂的病理生理过程,以及深入揭示DAI相关生化标志物的意义,对减轻DAI后脑损伤、促进轴突再生、提高DAI诊断及治疗水平具有重要意义。     

Identification and culture of neural stem cells isolated from adult rat subventricular zone following fluid percussion brain injury

Objective To analyze proliferation and differentiation of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)- and nestin-positive (GFAP+/nestin+) cells isolated from the subventricular zone following fluid percussion brain injury to determine whether GFAP+/nestin+ cells exhibit characteristics of neural stem cells. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 12 weeks and weighing 200-250 g, were randomly and evenly assigned to normal control group and model group. In the model group, a rat model of fluid percussion brain injury was established. Five days later, subventricular zone tissue was resected from each group and made into single cell suspension. After serum-free neural stem cell medium culture and subsequent serum-induced differentiation, cell type, proliferation and differentiation capacities were determined by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Results At 3-7 days after fluid percussion brain injury, nestin+/GFAP+ cells in the single cell suspension from the model group significantly outnumbered those from the normal control group (P<0.01). In the model group, an increased number of small neurospheres with smooth cell edge and bulged center formed after primary culture, and were clearly visible with the increase of culture time and medium replacement. After several passages, many clonal spheres were obtained, suggesting strong self-proliferatiing capacity. Neurospheres from the model group differentiated into astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. Conclusion GFAP+/nestin+ cells isolated from the adult rat subventricular zone after fluid percussion brain injury are thought to be neural stem cells because of their self-renewal and multi-differentiation capacities.     

麻黄碱对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑内星形胶质细胞GFAP表达的影响

目的探讨大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后麻黄碱治疗对星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达水平的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为假手术组、自然恢复组和治疗组。应用线栓法建立单侧大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,术后1、2、3、4周应用免疫组化观察缺血周围区GFAP的表达。结果自然恢复组和治疗组术后1周GFAP表达开始增加,3周后表达平稳。治疗组GFAP的表达水平在前两个时间点高于自然恢复组(P<0.05)。结论麻黄碱对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠缺血周围区星形胶质细胞增殖活化有促进作用。     

新生鼠实验性缺氧缺血性脑损伤时大脑皮质NSE和GFAP的变化

目的　了解新生鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤 (HIBD)时大脑皮质神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的变化。方法　 7日龄SD鼠经右侧颈总动脉结扎加缺氧处理建立HIBD动物模型。用免疫组织化学法检测对照组和HIBD组新生鼠大脑皮质NSE、GFAP的含量。结果　①HIBD后 2 4h损伤部位大脑皮质NSE含量显著降低 ,7d后有所升高但仍低于正常对照组。②正常情况下GFAP在新生鼠大脑皮质中的表达局限而稀少 ,HIBD后 2 4h损伤部位大脑皮质的GFAP表达无明显变化 ,HIBD后 7dGFAP表达明显增加 ,广泛分布于损伤部位的大脑皮质中。结论　①新生鼠HIBD早期大脑皮质NSE含量即明显降低 ,提示NSE可作为判断神经元损伤的特异性指标之一 ;②新生鼠HIBD恢复期 ,脑损伤部位的GFAP明显增加 ,提示其可能参与了损伤区的修复。     

胶质炸药无限水域爆炸能量分布试验研究

通过水中爆炸试验,测试了某种胶质炸药在无限水域中爆炸时的压力,根据测试结果,依据相关理论分析了胶质炸药在无限水域爆炸时其气泡能量和冲击波能量的分布规律和特点。试验结果表明胶质炸药水下爆炸的能量分布比例介于TNT和一般工业炸药之间,其气泡能量的分布非常集中,而冲击波能量则表现得极其发散。     

首次使用乙醇汽油注意事项

首次使用乙醇汽油前,应从摩托车上卸下化油器,先清洗化油器外部,再拆开分解各主要部件,用化油器专用清洁剂清洗.主要清洗部位:主油道量孔、油面室、油面控制针阀,彻底清除化油器内沉淀和积存附着的杂质,如铁锈、污垢、胶质颗粒等.清洗完毕后复装并启动试车,观察调整化油器在各工况下的使用性能.     

发动机内胶质与积炭的形成及清除方法

一、胶质与积炭的形成 燃油在贮存、运输过程中。容易发生氧化反应，生成胶状物质。这些胶状物质按汽油的溶解性可分为：可溶胶质和不可溶胶质。不可溶胶质又称为沉积物，它和燃油一起加入汽车油箱后。就会粘附在燃油滤清器上，堵塞过滤介质，使供油量减少，使输油量不足，燃油雾化不良。     

伪劣汽油的危害

汽油是车辆的生命,伪劣汽油不仅破坏环境.而且会对车辆造成严重危害。具体表现为:1.堵塞燃油系统。伪劣汽油杂质超标,当发动机运转时,劣质汽油充满供油系统,油泵滤网、汽油滤清器、喷油嘴这些有小孔或起滤清作用的部件很容易被劣质汽油中的杂质堵塞,造成供油不畅、发动机功能下降。