大跨度公轨两用单跨悬索桥研究

研究大跨度公轨共用单跨悬索桥梁式方案及桥面系布置方式,分析桥梁结构的受力特点,提出影响列车行车安全的控制因素及设计技术措施,确定合理的竖向刚度要求,总结设计标准和关键技术措施。研究认为,随着悬索桥跨度的增大和结构质量的增加,主梁弯曲的贡献率逐渐减小,而主缆重力刚度的贡献率逐渐增加;控制悬索桥刚度的主要因素有跨度、主梁截面、主缆截面、矢跨比及桥塔抗推刚度;通过控制主梁竖向刚度、梁端折角及扭转刚度等参数可以保证轨道的平顺性;通过合理的轨道桥面系体系的布置,可以使轨道结构受力更加合理。     

非洲地区公路项目设计模式研究

研究目的:结合刚果(布)国家1号公路总承包项目的设计模式,探讨非洲公路项目设计管理体制的特点、设计标准的采用以及公路项目中设计的角色定位,并与国内设计模式作比较,为我国的设计工作者进行海外公路项目设计提供有益的借鉴.研究结论:(1) 非洲公路项目大多采用设计、施工一体化总承包的建设管理体制;(2) 非洲公路设计一般采用欧洲标准体系,相应的设计阶段更为详细;(3) 非洲公路设计模式与施工现场结合更加紧密,设计内容比国内标准要更多、更细一些,设计流程也更繁琐;(4) 设计施工一体化模式下设计更要充分考虑施工条件、施工方案等各方面因素,在效益最大化过程中起到举足轻重的作用.     

欧洲轨道车辆材料防火标准及其启示

介绍了欧洲一些国家的轨道车辆材料防火标准。从材料分类和车辆分类、火蔓延和热量释放、材料的烟密度、材料燃烧产生的毒性等方面对我国目前相关的车辆材料防火标准提出改进建议。我国的铁道车辆防火标准从烟、火、毒及燃烧释放热量等方面对材料的防火要求还应进一步细化。该防火要求应同时考虑试验方法和评定标准,并根据我国的国情在标准的应用中不断总结、更改和完善,从而形成一套比较合理、有效且适用的轨道车辆材料防火标准。     

重庆白沙渗流井渗透水水质特征研究

对重庆江津白沙自来水厂施工的渗流井渗透水水质进行的研究表明，受微污染的高浊度江河水，通过天然河床渗滤处理转化为渗透水，能够较好地去除水中的悬浮物质，降低水的浊度，并有较好的除菌效果。渗透水的NO3^-，COD，BOD，TOC含量明显降低，去除效果达75％以上。渗透水常量化学组分发生较为明显的变化，微量组分含量变化不大。渗透水水质达到国家饮用水标准，可以直接作为生活用水。     

基于运量的国民经济效益网络计算法

通过对现行国民经济效益计算方法的研究．运用交通分配理论论证了现行计算方法中运量分析存在的问题。依据交通分配理论和消费者剩余理论，将交通建设项目吸引区内整个路网作为研究对象，建立了基于运量的国民经济效益网络计算法。实例计算表明该方法的有效性。     

船舶污水处理技术研究与应用进展

海运、河运增长迅速,船舶污水处理日益受到广泛关注。本文以海洋船舶为主要研究对象,综述了海洋船舶污水的类型、水质特征、处理技术研究和应用进展,并展望了海洋船舶污水处理的膜生物反应器研究与应用方向。海洋船舶污水主要指压舱水以外的船舶污水,主要包括船舶生活污水和含油污水。海洋船舶生活污水的水质、水量随乘员变化较大,呈现污染物浓度高、变化大等特征,其中黑水污染物浓度BOD5991~5840 mg/L,SS 1180~4980 mg/L;含油污水成分复杂,乳化程度高,舱底水中含油量可达50000 mg/L。虽然海洋船舶污水排放标准随海域变化较大,但日益严格,这导致船舶污水处理对空间、运行维护的要求高,因此,膜生物反应器成为海洋船舶生活污水处理研究与应用的主流技术。     

Impacts of the 2004 Tsunami on Surin Marine National Park,Thailand

The impacts of the tsunami in 2004 on the reefs in Surin Marine National Park, Thailand, varied with the location and exposure of the reefs. Channel areas between islands were severely damaged. Areas with steep reef slopes were damaged by sand slides or coral collapse more than areas with low slopes. Massive, sub-massive, and encrusting corals were more resistant and resilient to the direct impact of the tsunami than branching, tabulate, and foliose life forms whereas the latter were more tolerant of temporary coverage by sand. Sub-massive corals were the most tolerant overall and survived sand coverage, breakage, and overturning. Live coral cover measured three months after the tsunami was significantly greater than immediately post-tsunami as broken, moved, or sand-covered corals, recorded as impacted in the initial survey, had survived and were regenerating. Low turbidity, lack of pollution, and mild currents possibly contributed to rapid recovery and limited long-term effects of the tsunami. Impact assessment shortly after a major disturbance may give an initial measure of damage but subsequent surveys must be undertaken to identify long-term effects. Understanding patterns of reef damage can help to formulate reef zoning and protection strategies in response to catastrophic events, but also in advance of such events to improve likely resilience of the marine park to disturbance.     

Sanctuary Advisory Councils: Involving the Public in the National Marine Sanctuary Program

Scientists work with marine protected area (MPA) managers to design MPAs that will protect marine resources, maintain biodiversity, promote tourism, and enhance biological production. It has become increasingly clear that scientific input is not the only requisite for ensuring establishment of these areas. Understanding the political institutions and management systems that govern these areas is as important for establishing MPAs as understanding the natural resources in the area. Recent studies have found that the success of establishing and managing MPAs can be attributed to increased public participation in the management process. This article looks at the public's involvement in the management of the U.S. equivalent of MPAs, the National Marine Sanctuaries. In particular, Sanctuary Advisory Councils are examined as one mechanism through which the public can participate in the management of marine sanctuaries. The article concludes with comments on the evolving role of these councils in marine resource management.     

Dedication to Peter Douglas (August 22, 1942–April 1, 2012)

Ecosystem management has been deemed a promising approach to environmental management in many settings. The ecosystem approach promises improved use of scientific information, better management coordination, and more meaningful public participation in environmental decision making. Yet, there is little evidence for how well ecosystem management efforts actually achieve their goals. This article presents an in‐depth analysis of one ecosystem management effort, the Albemarle‐Pamlico Estuarine Study (APES), which was part of the National Estuary Program. The APES failed to meet the objectives of ecosystem management in several visible ways. However, this case study reveals that the APES also had many positive results that were less visible to participants and observers. The performance of the APES is explained with reference to seven paradoxes inherent in the concept of ecosystem management. These findings have implications for appropriate expectations and evaluation of other ecosystem management efforts.     

An optimization model of energy and transportation systems: Assessing the high-speed rail impacts in the United States

This paper presents a long-term investment planning model that co-optimizes infrastructure investments and operations across transportation and electric infrastructure systems for meeting the energy and transportation needs in the United States. The developed passenger transportation model is integrated within the modeling framework of a National Long-term Energy and Transportation Planning (NETPLAN) software, and the model is applied to investigate the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) investments on interstate passenger transportation portfolio, fuel and electricity consumption, and 40-year cost and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The results show that there are feasible scenarios under which significant HSR penetration can be achieved, leading to reasonable decrease in national long-term CO₂ emissions and costs. At higher HSR penetration of approximately 30% relative to no HSR in the portfolio promises a 40-year cost savings of up to $0.63 T, gasoline and jet fuel consumption reduction of up to 34% for interstate passenger trips, CO₂ emissions reduction by about 0.8 billion short tons, and increased resilience against petroleum price shocks. Additionally, sensitivity studies with respect to light-duty vehicle mode share reveal that in order to realize such long-term cost and emission benefits, a change in the passenger mode choice is essential to ensure higher ridership for HSR.