Sustainable Governance of Norwegian Aquaculture and the Administrative Reform: Dilemmas and Challenges

This article discusses the impact of the Norwegian government's administrative reform on the management of the Norwegian aquaculture industry and coastal areas. The 2010 reform of government administration strengthened the County Councils’ role in issues of aquaculture at the expense of the regional offices of the Directorate of Fisheries. The aim of the reform was to increase self-governance through decentralization. However, international trends in coastal zone and marine resource management are moving in the opposite direction, aiming at more integrated and ecosystem-based approaches involving the management of larger, rather than smaller, geographic regions. This article examines the possible effects of this reform in light of the move from government to governance, and in the context of a broad policy shift toward a more integrated, ecosystem-based management (EBM) of the coastal zone. Based on insights from multi-level and coastal zone governance debates, we argue that an unintended consequence of the Norwegian administrative reform could be increased fragmentation of the aquaculture governance system, as well as a reduced capacity to implement EBM-related measures. At the same time, the reform might improve coastal zone planning, although a further step toward integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) would require a greater delegation of authority to the County Councils.     

Bike Share: A Synthesis of the Literature

This paper begins by providing an overview of bike share programs, followed by a critical examination of the growing body of literature on these programs. This synthesis of previous works, both peer-reviewed and gray, includes an identification of the current gaps in knowledge related to the impacts of bike sharing programs. This synthesis represents a critically needed evaluation of the current state of global bike share research, in order to better understand, and maximize the effectiveness of current and future programs. Several consistent themes have emerged within the growing body of research on bike share programs. Firstly, the importance bike share members place on convenience and value for money appears paramount in their motivation to sign up and use these programs. Secondly, and somewhat counter intuitively, scheme members are more likely to own and use private bicycles than nonmembers. Thirdly, users demonstrate a greater reluctance to wear helmets than private bicycle riders and helmets have acted as a deterrent in jurisdictions in which helmets are mandatory. Finally, and perhaps most importantly from a sustainable transport perspective, the majority of scheme users are substituting from sustainable modes of transport rather than the car.     

Workplace travel plans: can they be evaluated effectively by experts?

Employers are regularly involved in transport planning and characteristic workplace-oriented tools include: (1) travel plans for building projects, (2) mandatory travel plans, (3) subsidies to employers with an advanced travel plan and (4) best travel plan awards. In all cases, experts judge the level of car use. We argue that decision-makers might benefit from a multiple regression-based benchmark modelling tool that estimates the expected share of the car. In this paper, we estimate the share of car users in the commuting modal split at workplaces. However, since the amount of information available to experts differs, we gradually add information to the model to measure the impact of data availability. Without historic data on modal split, the current share can only be predicted moderately well, i.e. within a 20% range. Besides adding the past, results improve by using homogenous and regional subsamples. Nevertheless, quantitative analyses do not make expert knowledge obsolete.     

新形势下的基础设施投融资改革初探——城市轨道TOD实践带来的启示

基础设施项目建设对国民经济的拉动效应显而易见,轨道交通建设给城市发展带来更多的机遇和挑战。地方政府在轨道建设前期如何前瞻规划、统筹安排和有效整合沿线资源,探索适合的建设模式对实现项目的可持续发展至关重要。以深圳地铁6号线为例,借鉴香港"轨道+物业"轨道发展经验,通过优化轨道交通沿线土地利用布局和开发强度,实践轨道交通TOD开发模式。阐述城轨TOD与香港地铁"轨道+物业"的理念,分析香港地铁"轨道+物业"模式在大陆应用存在的问题,介绍"轨道+物业"理念在深圳地铁6号线规划研究中的应用成果,将"轨道+物业"的模式与传统模式进行对比,总结城市轨道交通TOD模式成功实施的重要条件。最后对国内城轨TOD成功实施提出一些建议:创新城市轨道交通沿线土地出让和储备机制,探索城市轨道交通和城市空间规划接驳机制,完善城市轨道交通管理体制机制,完善政策及技术规范支撑,加强法规制度保障等。     

辽宁省旅游产业可持续发展对策研究

旅游产业的持续健康发展,是推动国民经济发展、提高人民生活质量的重要保证。文章分析了辽宁旅游产业发展现状,并从制定特色发展规划、营造良好管理环境、提升从业人员素质、深度开发旅游资源等方面做了论述。     

地方特色高职院校可持续发展策略研究

近年来,我国的高职教育取得了飞速发展。相应的,高职院校之间的竞争也日趋激烈。可持续发展的理念也从经济管理领域引入到教育领域。文章对可持续发展这一概念的内涵进行了分析界定,并在此基础上系统概括了地方特色高职院校可持续发展的关键影响因素,最后提出了地方特色高职院校可持续发展的几条具体策略途径。     

公共自行车文献综述

对公共自行车系统进行总体概述,并针对相关文献进行批判性检验。基于以往同行评议文献及灰色文献,对与公共自行车系统影响相关的认知缺陷进行分析。当前亟须针对全球公共自行车研究进行评估,该综述旨在更好地了解及加强当前和未来公共自行车系统的实施效率。越来越多的研究聚焦于公共自行车系统,主要议题集中在以下方面。首先,公共自行车使用者认为方便性和低支出是注册并使用该系统的重要原因。其次,与固有观念相反,公共自行车系统用户比非用户更倾向于拥有和使用私人自行车。第三,当法律强制要求佩戴头盔时,公共自行车使用者比私人自行车使用者更不愿佩戴头盔。最后,从更重要的可持续交通角度而言,大量公共自行车系统使用者选择该方式取代可持续交通方式而非小汽车出行方式。     

动态交通政策的长期优化设计--通过定价机制寻求社会福利最大化

针对交通政策设计中决策过程的可选方法展开探讨。探索对出行政策进行综合预测、评价、优化以实现决策方案最优的可能性。从长远来看,为了适应像城市这样一个动态系统,采用了用地与交通相互影响模型（LUTI）的长期评估方法。在评估的全过程中,通过成本效益分析来衡量实施LUTI动态决策所产生的社会福利,然后通过优化程序使其达到最大化。这一模型在马德里市收费站最优定价策略项目中得到验证,该项目要求保证系统效率、社会公平以及环境质量。与其他定价方案相比,最优方案能以相对较低的收费产生更多的社会盈余。该实践结果突出强调了不同因素对研究区域以及对社会福利盈余的主要贡献者的影响,从而反思采用的成本分析方法是否可以作为设计可持续政策的最佳方法。     

新加坡城市规划体系与特点

针对建国初期市区中心交通过度拥挤、住房、就业等方面的问题及挑战,新加坡逐渐形成了一套系统、全面的规划体系。这一体系包括战略性规划、总体规划、协调各机构间土地利用、实施政府土地售卖计划和日常的发展项目管制与审批等。从多个角度分析新加坡城市规划的特点,如可持续交通策略、城市发展形态、住房、经济发展、绿化、保护文化遗产等。     

公路边坡生态防护方法的选择与使用

介绍近年在高速公路建设中常用的几种植被护坡类型,分析其适用条件及优缺点,提出植被护坡在高速公路建设中的一般设计方法,供路基边坡防护设计参考。