Sociological perspectives on travel and mobilities: A review

There is increasing interest in understanding and achieving changes in travel behaviour, but a focus on individual behaviour change may overlook the potential for achieving change via transformation at the levels of institutions, cultures and societies – the domains of sociological inquiry. In this paper, we review sociological contributions to the literature on travel and ‘mobilities’. We summarise four key themes which supplement or contradict arguments made in mainstream transport debates on behaviour change. The first involves focusing on travel ‘practices’ as social entities with dynamics of their own, rather than on individual behaviours. The second relates to the changing natures of societies, and the implications for travel. The third explores and interprets the issue of car dependence in ways which highlight the ethical, experiential and emotional dimensions associated with car use, its symbolic role in societies increasingly concerned with consumption, and its differing roles within different cultures. Finally, the ‘new mobilities paradigm’ highlights issues such as the increasing links between travel and new technologies, and the primacy of social networks in influencing travel decisions. These themes emphasise the importance of understanding the broader contexts in which travel choices are made. In particular, the implication is that the creation of more sustainable travel patterns will require changes at a range of social levels, not simply in individual behaviours, and that changes to transport will inevitably be linked with, and influenced by, broader changes in the values and practices developed by societies as a whole.     

U71 Mn 50 kg·m-1普通碳素钢钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究

根据室内对U71Mn50kg·m-1普通碳素钢钢轨按三点弯曲标准进行的试验,测定该钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,即裂纹扩展深度a及其对应的循环次数N值。利用中值法求得裂纹扩展深度对循环次数的微分值。根据断裂理论求得相应的裂纹前沿应力强度因子幅度ΔK。根据Paris公式,对以上两值取自然对数进行线性回归分析,确定该公式中U71Mn50kg·m-1普通碳素钢钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展速率的两个材料常数C为3 8771×10-12,m为3 6343。     

Dynamics of the railway track and the underlying soil: the boundary-element solution, theoretical results and their experimental verification

A combined finite-element boundary-element method is presented in detail to calculate the dynamic interaction of the railway track and the underlying soil. A number of results are shown for ballasted and slab track, demonstrating the influence of the stiffness of the soil and the rail pads on the vertical compliance of the track. The compliance of the track is combined with a simple model of the vehicle giving the transfer function of vehicle-track interaction. An experimental verification of the theoretical results is achieved by harmonic and impulse excitation with and without static (train-) load and by combined measurements of train-track-soil interaction. A clear vehicle-track resonance is found for the slab track with elastic rail pads and for higher frequencies at highspeed traffic, the dynamic axle loads due to sleeper passage are reduced.     

Engaging disadvantaged populations in transport studies: Linking modal use and perceptions of safety to activity patterns

Accessibility measures are important tools in planning. However, if the data are not available to adequately capture the mobility and accessibility challenges of disadvantaged populations, than the results of the model provide little to no direction for policy makers. This paper explores data collection techniques that have the potential to address the “why” underlining the activity behavior, especially linking personal safety perceptions to activities. The first study comes from a series of focus groups with low-income women in Quebec City, Canada. Self-mapping of individual spaces creates a framework to address spatial and temporal challenges that negatively impact transit dependent populations. The second study focuses on the activity patterns of low-income immigrant youth in Providence, RI. A technique is presented to elicit formatted responses concerning perceptions of personal safety. With the help of GIS, this technique has the potential to link together activities and perceptions of safety for activity modeling.     

物流园区规划建设的问题及建议

文章分析了物流园区的概念,论述规划建设物流园区的意义,即合理规划建设物流园区将对当地整体利益的提高起到重要的推进作用。指出我国物流园区规划建设中存在的诸多问题,如规划的不合理,标准的不统一等,进而,从政府体制,市场物流需求,统一规划,分部实施,市场化运作,高水准发展,培训并吸引专业人才等方面提出规划建设物流园区的建议。     

城市高架轨道交通景观评价体系研究

研究目的:目前国内对于城市高架轨道景观评价的研究尚处于探索阶段,还没有成熟的指标体系及评价方法,为此需首要建立一套较为客观、简捷、实用,又能得到专家和公众认同的景观评价体系。研究方法:本文选用“目标—指标层次结构”模式,就是AHP层次分析方法,从动态景观和静态景观2个方面去构建城市高架轨道交通景观评价体系,并以重庆轻轨2号线中的2个有代表性的区段景观,对该体系进行验证。研究结论:经实例验证,本文建立的城市高架轨道交通景观评价体系能够具体体现出高架轨道景观的差异性,并能反映具体差异点及差异程度。可明确量化地反映高架轨道交通的景观评价等级和其中单项指标的景观等级,并具有可比性,其结果能准确、客观地反映城市高架轨道交通景观的实际情况,方法简单易行,具有实用性。     

Probit模型及其在交通方式分担中的应用研究

离散选择模型的典型代表Logit模型简洁易用的特点使其在经济、交通等领域得到了广泛的应用，但同时Logit模型的两个重要缺陷限制了其应用范围。本文分析了Logit模型的固有缺陷，阐述了Probit模型的基本原理，研究了Probit模型的性质，并与Logit模型进行了对比研究，最后利用SAS统计软件MDC模块提供的仿真算法进行了实证性分析，研究结果表明，Probit模型克服了Logit模型IIA特性和喜好随机性限制的缺陷，表现出更为丰富的物理意义，对出行选择行为的模拟更接近实际，是一种具有广阔发展的前景的交通方式分担模型。     

基于焊接的UIC900A及U75V钢轨钢的连续冷却特性

模拟钢轨焊接及焊后热处理工况,采用热膨胀方法分别测定UIC900A及U75V钢轨钢的连续冷转变曲线(CCT曲线)。通过对UIC900A及U75V钢轨钢连续冷却特性的分析和比较,结果表明:当模拟焊接的奥氏体化温度为1 300℃和冷却速度小于1.5℃.s-1时,这2种钢轨钢的组织均为珠光体,并且在正常情况下焊接后直接空冷也都不会出现马氏体组织,这时UIC900A和U75V钢轨钢的硬度分别达到329 HV和354 HV;当模拟焊后热处理的奥氏体化温度为900℃和冷却速度为0.5℃.s-1时,这2种钢轨钢的硬度均为300 HV左右。UIC900A钢轨钢可直接空冷,U75V钢轨钢则需用冷却速度为1~2℃.s-1的喷风软淬火,以使其硬度达到320~350 HV左右。     

新干线信号通信设备的维修管理体制

系统地描述和分析总结了JR东日本的新干线信号通信设备的维修管理体制.对维修管理系统的管理对象、组织结构、主要任务,以及信号通信系统的中央信息监视系统和维修作业管理系统进行了充分的说明,对我国客运专线的综合维修管理体制的建设有很好的借鉴作用.     

城市雨水规划探讨

雨水规划对城市管网建设、河涌整治等相关工作有指导作用,文章从排水体制、排涝模数、雨水分区等三方面作了一些探讨,可供规划建设参考。