The problem of cold starts: A closer look at mobile source emissions levels

While the phenomenon of excess vehicle emissions from cold-start conditions is well known, the magnitude and duration of this phenomenon is often unclear due to the complex chemical processes involved and uncertainty in the literature on this subject. This paper synthesizes key findings regarding the influence of ambient and engine temperatures on light-duty vehicle (LDV) emissions. Existing literature, as well as analytical tools like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), indicate that while total vehicle emissions have dropped significantly in recent years, those associated with cold starts can still constitute up to 80% for some pollutant species. Starting emissions are consistently found to make up a high proportion of total transportation-related methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After 3–4 min of vehicle operation, both the engine coolant and the catalytic converter have generally warmed, and emissions are significantly lower. This effect lasts roughly 45 min after the engine is shut off, though the cooling rate depends greatly on the emission species and ambient temperature. Electrically (pre-)heated catalysts, using the bigger batteries available on hybrid drivetrains and plug-in vehicles, may be the most cost-effective technology to bring down a sizable share of mobile source emissions. Trip chaining (to keep engines warm) and shifting to non-motorized modes for shorter trips, where the cold start can dominate emissions, are also valuable tactics.     

无梁板式高桩码头温度效应分析

气温的年变化会引起结构内温度的均匀变化,从而使得结构内部产生变形和内力,在高桩码头工程中温度作用往往会引起不利影响。为了研究无梁板式高桩码头的温度效应,基于无限板的热传导规律,以工程实例为依托,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立三维模型。结合杭州地区的逐时气象资料,研究了气温变化特征、面板温差场以及结构变形与位移的变化规律,并对基本气温的选取进行讨论。结果表明:气温在无梁面板中呈现以厚度方向为主的一维传热特征,温度场在水平向分布均匀;气温年变幅在面板内几无衰减,日变幅对面板温度影响不可忽略;面板的整体温差与竣工时气温和年平均气温差,以及年变幅、日变幅的衰减值有关;无梁板码头基桩的温度响应受面板的整体温差控制,两者瞬时同步变化。     

大跨度钢箱梁斜拉桥中跨合龙关键技术

以4座主跨超过400 m的钢箱梁斜拉桥中跨合龙控制为背景,对大跨度钢箱梁斜拉桥中跨合龙的2种方法进行对比分析,对合龙各主要工序的关键技术进行研究。提出了合龙段配切长度的计算公式和合龙口宽度连续观测的测点布置方式。建议:在调整好合龙口姿态后可不加压重,也可不采用临时劲性骨架锁定;采用无线采集设备采集合龙口结构的温度场,用激光测距仪测量合龙口宽度以提高观测效率和安全性;在悬臂施工阶段关注梁长累计误差并通过调整后续梁段的制造长度消除之。     

Climate change behaviors related to purchase and use of personal cars: Development and validation of eco-socially conscious consumer behavior scale

A constantly changing environment and global warming are issues that are recognized at all global forums. One of the major reasons for global warming is the emission of greenhouse gasses which is primarily caused by use of personal cars as means of transport. This study reports on the development of an eco-socially conscious consumer behavior (ESCCB) scale specific to purchase and use of personal cars, based on samples of actual automobile customers in Pakistan. Using mixed method approaches, the results of 3 studies yield a 9-item three-dimensional scale (eco-social conservation, eco-social use, and eco-social purchase) with satisfactory reliability, construct validity and nomological validity. Second-order factor analysis revealed that eco-social purchase was the most important dimension, followed by eco-conservation and eco-social use. A test of nomological behavior shows that the scale is positively associated with a related construct: environmental concern. This study advances the literature on pro-environmental behaviors by introducing a conceptual definition of ESCCB related to personal car purchase and use, developing a measure for the ESCCB concept and validating the scale in the context of an emerging economy, Pakistan. The scale provides important insights for marketers in the automobile industry for remodelling marketing plans, as well as for environmentalists focusing on strategies to bring change in consumer behavior.     

西部原油管道输量与能耗分析

为降低西部原油管道管输能耗,通过计算管道在不同季节、不同流量下的摩阻损耗,结合管道参数和输油泵特性曲线,分析得出影响输油生产单位能耗的因素包括管输流量和输油温度。进一步计算得出了不同流量和不同季节对应的输油生产单耗。结果表明,流量对输油生产单耗影响较大,西部原油管道管输流量在1 000~1 400 m~3/h区间时生产单耗相对较低;流量大于1 600 m3/h时,生产单耗随流量上升接近线性增长。而输油温度对生产单耗的影响较小,同一流量下冬季生产单耗略高于夏季生产单耗。     

大气压力和冷却液温度对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

利用内燃机高海拔(低气压)模拟试验系统,研究了大气压力和冷却液温度对柴油机性能与燃烧特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着进气压力降低,柴油机最高燃烧压力下降,缸内平均温度大幅升高,燃烧始点推迟且持续期延长,后燃严重,燃烧过程未能及时释放热量,动力性能和燃料经济性下降明显;随着冷却液温度的升高,最高燃烧压力增大,燃烧始点提前且持续期略有延长,燃烧重心略微前移,燃烧放热率减小,且大气压力越低冷却液温度对柴油机燃烧过程的影响越明显。在高海拔(低气压)条件下,提高柴油机冷却液工作温度,可以明显减少冷却液散热量,提高柴油机的热-功转换效率,显著改善柴油机的高原动力性和经济性,同时柴油机热负荷升高幅度并不大。     

面向控制的SCR催化转化器温度模型

为了建立面向控制的SCR催化器温度模型,根据能量守恒和质量守恒方程并考虑热平衡中所涉及的换热过程不同,建立了4种SCR催化器温度的数学模型,并利用Matlab/Simulink构建图形化的计算模型。采用柴油机欧洲稳态循环(ESC)和欧洲瞬态循环(ETC)条件下的台架实测数据对模型进行检验,基于最大离散程度、拟合度和计算时间3个指标对模型进行评价和比较。结果表明,考虑催化器与废气和周围环境对流换热的温度模型具有良好的预测精度和实时性,更适合用于SCR控制策略。     

温度变化引起桥梁裂缝的分析与预防

温度裂缝是桥梁裂缝常见形式之一,通过对温度裂缝产生原因的分析,提出了可以借鉴和使用的预防方法,希望对桥梁施工有所帮助。     

沥青玛蹄脂混合料的高温性能影响因素分析

沥青玛蹄脂混合料作为良好的钢桥面铺装层材料,其高温性能一直是关注的焦点,本文基于室内车辙试验研究了其高温性能影响因素,重点分析了荷载和温度、拌合时间及加铺SMA对沥青玛蹄脂混合料的高温性能指标动稳定度的影响规律,为今后玛蹄脂混合料的路用实践提供了借鉴.     

新型液化天然气船液货围护系统传热模型及蒸发率计算

分析了一艘170000m3新型液化天然气船的船体结构,通过合理和必要的简化,建立了液货围护系统的传热模型。分别使用解析方法和ANSYS Fluent软件数值模拟方法计算了在不同绝热层厚度条件下的液货舱漏热量,得到不同条件下液货围护系统的温度场分布情况以及液货蒸发率。得出以下结论:综合考虑两种计算方法的计算结果,为了满足在不同工况下航行时液货的日蒸发率不能超过0.1%的要求,绝热层的设计厚度应不小于450mm。