Estimation of the perceived value of transit time for containerized cargoes

This paper proposes a novel method for estimating the perceived value of transit time of containers by shipping lines. The key idea is that a shipping line’s published schedule is the optimal decision that minimizes the sum of fuel cost and time-associated costs of the containers adopted by the shipping line. Using the proposed method, we find that the adopted values of transit time for nine trans-Pacific services operated by Orient Overseas Container Line and five trans-Pacific services operated by Maersk Line are between US$5/TEU/day and US$30/TEU/day. We further demonstrate how the adopted value can be used for designing the optimal transit times between ports, analyzing the viability of slow-steaming, checking whether ships should speed up to catch up to connecting ships on other services, and helping to predict the market share of less polluting fuels in view of rules on air emission.     

Personalised feedback and eco-driving: An explorative study

Conventional road transport has negative impact on the environment. Stimulating eco-driving through feedback to the driver about his/her energy conservation performance has the potential to reduce CO₂ emissions and promote fuel cost savings. Not all drivers respond well to the same type of feedback. Research has shown that different drivers are attracted to different types of information and feedback. The goal of this paper is to explore which different driver segments with specific psychographic characteristics can be distinguished, how these characteristics can be used in the development of an ecodriving support system and whether tailoring eco-driving feedback technology to these different driver segments will lead to increased acceptance and thus effectiveness of the eco feedback technology. The driver segments are based on the value orientation theory and learning orientation theory. Different possibilities for feedback were tested in an exploratory study in a driving simulator. An explorative study was selected since the choice of the display (how and when the information is presented) may have a strong impact on the results. This makes testing of the selected driver segments very difficult. The results of the study nevertheless suggest that adapting the display to a driver segment showed an increase in acceptance in certain cases. The results showed small differences for ratings on acceptation, ease of use, favouritism and a lower general rating between matched (e.g., learning display with learning oriented drivers) and mismatched displays (e.g., learning display with performance oriented drivers). Using a display that gives historical feedback and incorporates learning elements suggested a non-verifiable increase in acceptance for learning oriented drivers. However historical feedback and learning elements may be less effective for performance oriented drivers, who may need comparative feedback and game elements to improve energy conserving driving behaviour.     

The value of time and external benefits in bicycle appraisal

We estimate the value of time savings, different cycling environments and additional benefits in cost-benefit analysis of cycling investments. Cyclists’ value of travel time savings turns out to be high, considerably higher than the value of time savings on alternative modes. Cyclists also value other improvements highly, such as separated bicycle lanes. As to additional benefits of cycling improvements in the form of health and reduced car traffic, our results do not support the notion that these will be a significant part in a cost-benefit analysis. Bicyclists seem to take health largely into account when making their travel choices, implying that it would be double-counting to add total health benefits to the analysis once the consumer surplus has been correctly calculated. As to reductions in car traffic, our results indicate that the cross-elasticity between car and cycle is low, and hence benefits from traffic reductions will be small. However, the valuations of improved cycling speeds and comfort are so high that it seems likely that improvements for cyclists are cost-effective compared to many other types of investments, without having to invoke second-order, indirect effects. In other words, our results suggest that bicycle should be viewed as a competitive mode of travel and not primarily as a means to achieve improved health or reduced car traffic.     

中西方早期“和谐”伦理思想比较

本文从中西早期伦理思想史出发,就中西＂和谐＂思想在本源、内容和特点的异同进行了梳理与比较,并且阐述了＂和谐＂思想在价值观诸方面的现代价值。     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

The variation in the value of travel-time savings and the dilemma of high-speed rail in China

This paper examines the variation in the value of travel-time savings (VTTS), a fundamental element determining the market demand for high-speed rail. Following a review of time allocation theories, a time allocation model for general travel behavior is proposed as a further elaboration of Evans’ (1972) activities analysis. There are relationships among activities that can be expressed using a linear inequality to show the constraints on the arrangement of activities. This model indicates that two or more activities can be simultaneously rearranged to improve time management, which may be a source of variation in VTTS. This time allocation model can explain why large-scale high-speed rail construction in China faces significant market risks and a high likelihood of economic loss. Data from a new ticket sales and booking system for railway passengers indicate that passengers prefer conventional overnight sleeper trains, rather than high-speed trains, for long-distance travel, which supports the analysis of the time allocation model.     

城市一卡通IC卡在线加值之解决方案

论文首先对城市一卡通IC卡在线加值解决方案的国内外发展背景进行了分析论述,提出IC卡在线加值要以住建部密钥系统为安全基础保证,并分析了IC卡在线加值安全保证的住建部密钥系统的的重要性,并对住建部密钥的结构进行分解分析；提出了IC卡在线加值系统的系统层次,安全容错方法,并归纳了在线充值的数据处理流程.     

试论和谐秩序视野中的“以人为本”价值取向

以人为本是科学发展观的核心,也是社会主义和谐社会的核心价值。因此,深化对以人为本价值本质的认识,科学把握以人为本的价值取向和实现途径,这是自觉践行以人为本价值观,构建和谐社会秩序的关键所在。     

基于价值流图的客车惯通梁生产过程研究与改善

对A客车厂惯通梁部件整个生产过程的研究,首先绘制出贯通梁生产的现状价值流图;进而应用价值流图的分析方法与工具,对生产过程中的各因素、各环节进行了系统的分析,辨识出非增值的环节及其主要问题点,有针对性的提出解决方案;然后绘制出未来价值流图,制定实施计划,并推进实施,实现生产过程的再造[1]。     

价值工程在工程施工中的应用

以深圳水库污水截排工程为例，介绍了价值工程理论的应用程序，分析和比选了施工方案，为工程人员作方案比选提供参考。