Linking land use and transportation in a rapidly urbanizing context: A study in Delhi,India

Cities in developing countries like India are facing some of the same concerns that North American cities are: congestion and urban growth. However, there is a sense of urgency in cities like Delhi, India in that this growth is far more rapid as both urbanization and motorization are ongoing processes that have not yet peaked. In this paper, we examine land use change and its relationship with transportation infrastructure and other planning related variables in a spatial context. We estimate land use change models at two different scales from separate data. Cellular automation and Markov models were used to understand change at the regional scale and discrete choice models to predict change at the local level. The results suggest that land use in the Delhi metropolitan area is rapidly intensifying while losing variety. These changes are affected by industrial, commercial and infrastructure location and planners and policy-makers need to better understand the implications of location decisions. We also examine these results in the context of a policy framework for data-based planning that links land use and transportation models for Delhi.     

Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.     

基于双目立体视觉的月球车三维定位算法

为了满足月球车自主导航的需要,提出了1种基于双目立体视觉的月球车三维定位算法。建立了基于双目立体视觉的月球车三维定位系统框架图,并对框架中主要模块进行了分析;研究了图像预处理、特征点提取、特征点的立体匹配、三维重建和特征点的跟踪匹配算法等图像处理环节,以获得月球车运动前后相匹配的环境特征点,并提出了1种鲁棒的月球车位姿变化估计算法。通过实际场地试验验证了算法的有效性。     

规则波作用下沙质岸滩剖面演变研究*

为了探究规则波作用下沙质岸滩的形态变化，在波浪水槽中构建沙质岸滩剖面的演变过程。发现在规则波作用下，沙质岸滩会出现沙坝峰，存在从单一沙坝峰到双沙坝峰的演变过程，且沙坝形成后并非静止不动，而是随时间变化存在离岸和向岸的往复运动。探究水深、周期和植被覆盖对沙质岸滩变化的影响，对其最大冲刷深度、最大淤积深度、冲刷面积和淤积面积进行讨论分析。结果显示，水深的增大会导致沙坝向岸运动，周期的增大会导致岸滩趋于紊乱，植被覆盖对岸滩有稳定作用。     

Economic factors affecting the registration of lower CO2 emitting aircraft in Europe

We examine the various forces influencing the development and uptake of environmentally beneficial technical changes, focusing on airline technology. Within this context, we consider not only the nature of competition within the final market in which aircraft, an intermediate product, are sold, but also that of the product market itself, the commercial airline industry. The reasons for the gradual reduction in CO₂ per seat per aircraft movement in aircraft design are examined in terms of the real costs of aviation fuel, changes in the nature of the supply industry, the movement towards carbon cap-trade policies, and endogenous technical progress in the technology of the industry. The latter being taken as an empirical proxy for the role market forms play in influencing the fuel efficiency of the types of aircraft used. The results support the existence of these latter forces on the demand for aircraft types, allowing for other influences that affect aircraft technology.     

汽车行业过程变更平台化管理策略

进入21世纪以后,中国汽车销量节节猛升,随着汽车需求量日益增大,传统式单产品单工厂“一对一”生产模式已无法满足生产需求。为了解决工厂的“一对N”的生产模式,论文应用IT化集中变更系统,确保所有变更集中评审可阶梯式灵活实施,解决过程变更多个工厂同步生产管理困难,改造方案标准化推广实施,保证工艺标准的统一和规范,通过过程变更系统的应用和新的体系建立,实现了过程变更全生命周期的管理,成为行业过程变更平台化管理的领先者。     

企业文化变革策略应用研究:以理念层策划为例

企业文化要和企业经营管理所处的内外部环境相适应.当内外部环境发生变化时,企业文化也要进行变革.企业文化变革从流程上可以分成诊断、策划、实施三个阶段.本文从应用性研究的角度出发,结合实际的案例,以理念层策划为主具体探讨了企业文化变革的策略.     

Fast Mode Decision Method Based on Historical Information for H.264/AVC

Mode decision based on rate-distortion optimization algorithm brings high compression efficiency to H.264/AVC. However, heavy computation load is also added to the encoder at the same time. In order to reduce the computation burden of mode decision, this paper presented a fast mode decision method based on mode information of the previously coded frame. Moreover, all coding modes were activated when scene change occurs and a scheme to detect scene change was proposed. The simulation results show that compared to the original encoder, the proposed method achieves a reduction of over 38% encoding time and keeps almost the same PSNR and bitrate for a wide range of quantization parameter.     

交织区长度对车道变换频率的影响

交织区长度是影响交织区运行特性的重要参数,影响着交织车辆进行车道变换的紊动程度。找出了车道变换频率与其相应产生的车道变换长度的一一对应关系,定义了车道变换长度随机变量,通过分析给定交织区车道变换长度的统计分布来反映交织操作车道变换的频度。在其他因素不变的条件下,运用动力学理论、概率论等方法定量分析了交织区长度对车道变换产生的影响。     

线性定常系统的一种容错控制新方法

当控制系统的参数发生跳变故障时，系统的性能往往会恶化，甚至会引起系统不稳定。本文讨论了当线性定常系统出现参数跳变故障时的一种容错控制方法。故障检测采用神经网络实现，而容错控制器则采用控制器重构方式设计。仿真结果表明该方法是有效的。