C波段低相噪频率源的设计

介绍基于DRO（Dielectric Resonator Oscillator）技术的低相噪微波频率源,由于DRO的高Q值其相比于锁相环（PLL）技术具有更低的相位噪声,用低温度系数的介质谐振器,有效地改善了振荡器的频率温度稳定性.同时减小介质谐振器与微带线之间的耦合度,能进一步改善相位噪声.论文设计的输出频率为4GHz的DRO在频偏10KHz处相位噪声-122dBc/Hz,输出功率8.5dBm,二次谐波抑制-42dBc,证明了其在低相位噪声频率源应用上的优势.     

Energy consumption and cost-benefit analysis of hybrid and electric city buses

This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of hybrid and electric city buses in fleet operation. The analysis is founded on an energy consumption analysis, which is carried out on the basis of extensive simulations in different bus routes. A conventional diesel city bus is used as a reference for the CBA. Five different full size hybrid and electric city bus configurations were considered in this study; two parallel and two series hybrid buses, and one electric city bus. Overall, the simulation results indicate that plug-in hybrid and electric city buses have the best potential to reduce energy consumption and emissions. The capital and energy storage system costs of city buses are the most critical factors for improving the cost-efficiency of these alternative city bus configurations. Furthermore, the operation schedule and route planning are important to take into account when selecting hybrid and electric city buses for fleet operation.     

基于专家控制系统的育苗大棚设计

基于专家控制系统的育苗大棚,以STC15F2K60S2系列单片机为核心处理器,采用包括总线拓扑结构、GSM短信报警、触屏监控、专家控制系统和网络远程监控等技术手段进行设计.详细阐述了系统整体设计,各子系统设计和育苗大棚专家系统设计.提供用户操作和控制的平台,同时完成与专家系统动态数据的交互.下位机完成环境参数的数据采集和接收监控平台控制指令操作执行机构.专家系统作为一种控制算法,通过用户输入幼苗生长状态及大棚实时环境参数作为依据,将理想环境参数作为控制目标,对育苗大棚进行智能控制.该系统解决了目前智能温室大棚控制成本高、操作复杂、故障处理困难和无法远程监控等问题.     

Reduction of capacity and projected costs associated with seat belt installation on school buses

This study examines the potential effects the installation of seat belts on school buses would have on the fleet capacity in Alabama and the resulting cost implications. The study also documents the myriad research studies and professional opinions offered on the potential safety effects of equipping school buses with safety restraints/seat belts. Four seat configurations for the school buses were analyzed. The first configuration represents the most common current bus seating configuration without seat belts, 3 seats on each side of the aisle and 12 rows (3/3-12). The physical space required for seat belt hardware may result in a loss of a row of seats and may reduce the number of students seated per row. Thus, three more configurations were studied: loss of a row of seats (3/3-11), loss of one seat per row (3/2-12), and loss of both a row of seats and a seat per row (3/2-11). The capacity for each configuration for each bus using current pupil loads was determined. The costs associated with installation of seat belts, and purchase and operation of new buses were obtained. Should school bus seat belts become mandatory in Alabama, the results obtained in this study can be used by any school system to determine the optimum configuration for their pupils, which will identify the number of additional buses that must be purchased by the school system. This study found that many of the buses that would become overloaded due to seat belt installation and the resultant loss of seating will be carrying only a few excess pupils. Transportation supervisors may be able to handle such overloads by transferring these pupils to other buses or by adjusting their bus routes to minimize purchase of new buses. Additional suggestions for handling bus overloads were offered in the body of this report.     

客车品牌整合营销传播中的项目管理应用研究

将项目管理的思想引入到客车行业的品牌整合营销传播之中,重点分析研究客车品牌整合传播中的进度控制和成本管理,以提高客车品牌营销的管理水平和传播效果。     

我国寒带地区客运车型的选择

简要介绍我国寒带地区客运车型选择的基本原则。     

基于直驱阀的快速响应线控制动系统液压力精确控制

为突破响应时间与控制精度的性能瓶颈，提出一种基于直驱阀的快速响应线控制动系统，通过基于Halbach永磁阵列的电磁直线执行器直接驱动阀芯，实现制动轮缸液压力的迅速调节。建立线控制动系统电磁、机械和液压子系统模型，设计基于逻辑门限的线控制动系统液压力-直驱阀位置切换控制架构。压力环采用滑模变结构控制，使轮缸液压力迅速逼近目标液压力值；设计结合摩擦补偿自适应控制律、稳定反馈和鲁棒控制的自适应鲁棒控制方法的直驱阀位置环，使直驱阀芯能够迅速通过阀死区；基于李雅普诺夫函数方法证明算法的稳定性。以线控制动系统的响应时间、控制精度等性能参数作为目标函数，通过相关矩阵分析控制参数对性能的影响规律，并通过多目标粒子群算法优化控制器参数。研究结果表明：提出的切换控制方法与PID控制和滑模控制相比，目标压力10 MPa的阶跃响应时间为0.05 s，稳态误差不超过2％；ARTEMIS欧洲循环工况下的均方根误差为0.33 MPa；设计的直驱阀结构与控制方法有利于提高制动系统的响应速度和控制精度。     

基于时空交互模型的高速公路季节事故频次影响因素分析

为了深入了解影响高速公路事故频次的显著因素，采集2014年广东省开阳高速公路的事故、道路、交通和气象数据，以曲率和坡度同质性为原则将整条公路划分为154条路段，采用时空交互模型拟合路段季节事故数和道路设计参数、交通特征、气象因素间的内在关系。该模型不仅解释了相邻路段间的空间效应和相邻季节间的时间效应，而且还考虑了时空效应间的相互作用，有助于提高模型的拟合预测性能、减少参数估计偏倚。基于贝叶斯推断的模型估计和评价结果显示：事故数据中存在显著的时空关联和交互效应；时空交互模型比传统层级泊松模型的拟合优度更高；路段长度与事故频次线性相关，而交通量则与事故频次间存在非线性关系；高速公路交通安全性随着中、大型客、货车（三类车）比例的增加而显著提高；路段曲率、坡度越大，交通事故风险越高；风速越高、降水量越多的季节，事故频次将显著上升。研究结果可为高速公路交通安全改善方案的制定提供理论依据。     

Locating charging infrastructure for electric buses in Stockholm

Charging infrastructure requirements are being largely debated in the context of urban energy planning for transport electrification. As electric vehicles are gaining momentum, the issue of locating and securing the availability, efficiency and effectiveness of charging infrastructure becomes a complex question that needs to be addressed. This paper presents the structure and application of a model developed for optimizing the distribution of charging infrastructure for electric buses in the urban context, and tests the model for the bus network of Stockholm. The major public bus transport hubs connecting to the train and subway system show the highest concentration of locations chosen by the model for charging station installation. The costs estimated are within an expected range when comparing to the annual bus public transport costs in Stockholm. The model could be adapted for various urban contexts to promptly assist in the transition to fossil-free bus transport. The total costs for the operation of a partially electrified bus system in both optimization cases considered (cost and energy) differ only marginally from the costs for a 100% biodiesel system. This indicates that lower fuel costs for electric buses can balance the high investment costs incurred in building charging infrastructure, while achieving a reduction of up to 51% in emissions and up to 34% in energy use in the bus fleet.