城市大型建设项目交通影响分析

城市建设项目交通影响分析(TIA)能有效控制城市土地建设项目对交通的影响。文章分别从执行局面和研究层面阐述了TIA的主要内容,并结合国内外研究现状,分析了TIA各项关键指标和技术方法目前所存在的缺陷,指出目前TIA研究所存在的若干问题,同时总结归纳了建设项目进行TIA的一般流程。     

运营公路隧道安全评估

通过对某运营公路隧道的衬砌和路面状况、衬砌厚度与其背后回填状况、衬砌混凝土强度、隧道净空断面、风道吊杆和吊顶板、隧道路面横坡及抗滑性能等的调查与检测,对其安全性进行了评估,结果表明下行隧道病害严重,已达到“2A”级,需要尽早对隧道衬砌背后的空洞、隧道衬砌裂缝和渗漏水等问题进行全面综合整治。文章介绍了该隧道安全评估的检测项目、方法及频率。     

Extensive study on the design loads used for strength assessment of tanker and bulk carrier structures

ClassNK has undertaken wide-ranging basic research covering many aspects related to the safety of ship structures, including design loads, structural analysis, strength assessment of buckling, collapse, and fatigue, and rational corrosion margins to develop new design standards which have transparency and consistency. Among the wide-ranging basic research, this article summarizes the results of extensive work on the design loads used for strength assessments of tanker and bulk carrier structures. The main aim of the research was to develop practical estimation methods of design loads with rational technical backgrounds relating to the actual loads acting on the primary structural members of tankers and bulk carriers. During this study, we proposed the following methodology. Design sea states that closely resemble the actual sea states which are considered to be the most severe for hull structures. Find practical estimation methods for the design sea states by parametric studies using the results of series calculations on representative tankers and bulk carriers. Find practical estimation methods for design regular waves which will result in the same level of stresses as those induced in irregular waves under the design sea states. We also briefly introduced some practical estimation methods for the design loads, such as ship motions, accelerations, hull-girder bending moments, and hydrodynamic pressures that are induced under design regular waves. The findings in this study have been summarized and implemented in the new design standards for tanker and bulk carrier structures.Updated from the Japanese original which won the 2003 SNAJ prize (J Soc Nav Archit Jpn 2002; 191:195–207; 2002; 191:208–220; and 2002; 192:723–733)     

大规模施工对城市路网交通影响评估技术研究

传统的施工期交通组织研究一般只针对单个建设项目，而城市在举办特别重大活动之前往往有一轮建设高潮，形成大范围集中性施工，对城市路网运行的影响很大，需从全局角度系统性评估其交通影响。针对大批量建设项目同时施工对路网整体的交通影响，提出了路网敏感路段划分、路网通行能力损失测算、基于交通模型推演的交通拥堵指数预测等评估技术，并在杭州“迎亚运”重大基础设施建设中予以运用，应用效果较好。     

An integrated assessment of alternative land-based passenger transport policies: A case study in Tenerife

Over recent decades, there have been numerous cases of land-based transport policies that have lacked clear and coherent strategies. This has not only hampered the resolution of issues like road congestion, but has also created new ones (e.g. strong social opposition to new train infrastructures). The absence of such strategies highlights the need for long-term transport policies with a wider vision of the issues, since land-based transport cannot be considered from just a technical perspective.The main objective of this article is to implement a participatory integrated approach to facilitate the understanding of land-based passenger transport governance issues on Tenerife, in the Canary Islands. Relevant policy issues and alternatives are identified by the stakeholders involved. The inclusion of stakeholders in the assessment process is crucial to frame transport governance issues appropriately and to define and assess plausible policy alternatives. This assessment process even included a final step of validation of the results by stakeholders to foster discussion among them about transport issues and policy alternatives.Finally, due to the obstructive role played by some stakeholders in influencing past transport policies, an analysis of possible coalitions among stakeholders is also discussed.     

Estimating economic losses of industry clusters due to port disruptions

Seaport operations are highly important for industries which rely heavily on imports and exports. A reliable evaluation of port risks is essential to govern the normal running of seaborne transportation and thus the industrial economies. The occurrence of a breakdown in the trade facilitators, such as ports, will disrupt the smooth flow of supply chains for the industries. The estimation of the economic loss for an industry when a port gets disrupted is a challenging task as the relationship between the port and industry clusters is complex. This study aims to develop a systematic framework for performing economic loss estimation of industry clusters due to port disruptions. The whole risk assessment is split into three stages focusing on the establishment of a network flow model, economic estimations and evaluating risk mitigation strategies. The proposed idea is demonstrated by a case study on Shenzhen port and its related manufacturing industries. A dynamic inventory control strategy used by manufacturers is found to be beneficial for mitigating port disruption risks.     

基于盲数理论的我国海上战略通道安全风险评价

对我国海上战略通道进行安全风险评价是保障海上通道安全的重要环节。由于海上战略通道的安全风险具有多种不确定性，故可运用盲数理论建立我国海上战略通道安全风险等级评价的盲数模型。通过专家打分的方法对影响因素进行未确知测度，构造判断矩阵获得影响因素的权重，从而得到模型的综合未确知测度，根据既定的评价准则获得海上通道的安全风险级别。文中对我国重要的海上通道马六甲海峡进行了安全风险评价，其评价结果为：马六甲海峡的安全级别为较危险级别，验证了该盲数模型的有效性。     

喷嘴内燃油空化及影响因素的实验研究

柴油机燃油喷射雾化过程除受湍流和环境气体的空气动力学效应影响外,还与喷孔内空化有关,因此对喷孔内燃油空化和影响因素的研究有重要的意义。本文中设计了透明喷孔代替原柴油机喷油器的喷孔,采用高速数码相机和高放大倍数、高分辩率的长距离显微成像技术和纳秒级闪光灯作为相机曝光光源,获得了较高分辩率和清晰度的实验图像。对柴油机喷孔内燃油空化产生、发展和分布状态进行显微观测,直观展现喷孔内燃油空化及影响规律,获得了燃油空化过程的直观认识。结果表明,柴油机喷孔内空化流动情况比较复杂,影响因素较多,其中喷孔几何结构对喷嘴内空化过程影响最显著,喷孔内空化首先出现在压力室针阀附近,随后空化区域向喷孔出口处扩散、延伸,对于渐缩喷孔,空化形成受到抑制,而渐扩喷孔则有利于空化形成;减小喷孔直径,不利于空化形成。环境压力对空化起到抑制的作用,环境压力增大,也不利于空化形成。此外还对喷孔内空化强度进行量化描述,通过空化强度对实验获得的图像进行量化分析。     

黄土地区铁路建设项目对地下水环境的影响研究

在我国西北地区,铁路项目的隧道工程越来越多,其对黄土含水层的地下水环境影响受到关注。为减轻隧道工程对地下水环境的影响,保证当地居民正常的生活用水及生态用水,以穿越黄土地区的铁路项目南惠隧道为例,在现场调查的基础上,介绍该隧道工程线路附近区域的水文地质条件及隧道外环境现状,重点分析该隧道工程的建设对线位附近地表水库、两侧村民饮用水井及对隧道洞顶植被可能产生的影响,并结合工程的具体情况,提出相应的环境保护措施,确保工程对地下水环境的影响降到最低。并对同类隧道工程给出工程环保选线上的一些建议。     

铁路隧道震害评估中标度法及权重值的确定研究

基于层次分析法原理,建立了铁路隧道结构构造和常见震害形式的层次模型,通过采用1-9标度法、9/9-9/1分数标度法、10/10-18/2分数标度法、20/2~28/2指数标度法、90/8~98/8指数标度法等5种方法分别构建判断矩阵,借助Matlab软件求最大特征值λmax后,运用计算一致性指标(CI)和平均随机一致性指标(RI),得出计算一致性比例CR指标值,对5种常用权重值计算方法的适用性进行检验。研究表明:在铁路隧道地震灾害损失定量评估时,采用9/9~9/1分数标度法计算权重值较为快速、准确、合理、便捷,可作为铁路隧道灾害定量损失评估权重值的计算依据。