数字化隧道三维建模分析

为解决既有隧道数字化三维建模的难题,提出利用构件模型库组装隧道的技术路线。整理出隧道构件模型库的分类,并完成各类构件模型的参数设计工作;提出由构件搭建三维隧道模型的具体步骤并将其固化为6个功能组,分析出每个功能组的作用、输入及输出等关键需求;提出继续开发三维隧道设计软件的构想。     

岩溶隧道与下部溶洞间安全距离预测模型研究

为了完善现有的岩溶隧道与溶洞间安全距离预测模型,在已有的二维预测模型基础上,利用正交试验和数值模拟方法,同时对数值试验结果进行多元线性回归分析,得到包括溶洞空间形态在内的多因素共同作用下的岩溶隧道安全距离三维预测模型。该模型能够定量地预测隧道埋深、围岩水平、溶洞跨度、水平方向夹角及溶洞高跨比5个因子对隧道底板与下方溶洞之间所需安全距离的影响,进而预测所需的安全距离。最后将该预测模型用于实际工程,其结果与现场实际采用的安全距离差别不大,从而说明该模型具有一定的可靠性。     

地面激光扫描和数码相机在化石重建中的应用

三维激光扫描技术作为一项新的测量技术,可以快速高效且准确地获取测量目标的高精度点云数据,为测量数字化的发展提供新的选择。介绍地面三维激光扫描仪工作原理、类型及数据处理方法。以中国地质大学化石林中的化石为例,研究化石点云数据获取、处理、三维模型重建和纹理粘贴的基本方法,试验表明这种方法有效可行。     

Simulation study of foundations reinforced with horizontal-vertical inclusions using particle flow code

A two-dimensional discrete element code, particle flow code (PFC2D), is employed to investigate foundations reinforced with horizontal-vertical (H-V) inclusions. The initial states and loading processes of both unreinforced and H-V reinforced foundations are simulated by PFC 2D method. The interface between particles and reinforcements, and the reinforcement mechanism of the H-V reinforced foundations are studied through stress distribution graphs, displacement vector graphs and contact force graphs. The simulation results demonstrate that the vertical elements of the H-V reinforcement keep the particles from being displaced under the applied load. The H-V reinforcement can distribute the load uniformly over a wider area, thereby improving the bearing capacity of soil foundation.     

Development of 2D hybrid equilibrium elements in large increment method

As a force-based finite element method (FEM), large increment method (LIM) has been developed in recent years. It has been shown that LIM provided prominent advantage of parallel computation with high efficiency and low time consumption for member structural system. To fully utilize its advantage in parallel computation, it is the time to extend LIM to 2D and 3D continua analysis. In this paper, a 2D finite element library with the capability of modeling arbitrary configurations is developed. Some illustrative numerical examples are solved by using the proposed library; the obtained results are compared with those obtained from both traditional displacement-based FEM and analytical solutions, which has clearly shown the advantages of LIM.     

Paradoxes of rationality in road safety policy

Rationality is an ideal for transport safety policy. As developed within normative welfare economics, rationality denotes the efficient use of safety measures based on cost–benefit analyses that include all relevant impacts of the measures. Efficiency in the technical sense of the term provides a perfectly clear and precise guideline for policy priorities. Nevertheless, some choices that are guided by cost–benefit analysis may strike us as paradoxical or counterintuitive. A paradox of rationality refers to any situation in which conflicting choices can both be defended as rational. This paper discusses a number of choices that may seem paradoxical. The first involves the choice between options that have identical impacts on safety, but in which these impacts are valued differently. The second deals with the tendency for preference reversals to occur when preferences for the provision of safety are aggregated. The third discusses the inability of conventional measures of willingness-to-pay to reflect the intensity of preferences. The fourth concerns the tendency for policy choice to favour the rich at the expense of the poor when willingness-to-pay is not adjusted for the marginal utility of money. A fifth situation refers to the fact that a policy option that looks attractive ex ante may fail an ex post compensation test because utility functions depend on health state. There is a potential conflict between individual and collective rationality with respect to the costs and benefits of some road safety measures. When developing a road safety programme, a set of road safety measures whose benefits exceed the costs when considered as stand-alone measures could have benefits smaller than cost when combined in a programme consisting of all the measures. Finally, there is a potential conflict between efficiency and negotiated consensus as mechanisms of resource allocation in the public sector. The sources of the paradoxes and ways of avoiding them are discussed. Some of the paradoxes can be avoided if changes in risk are valued in terms of a fixed price per unit of risk rather than according to a non-linear demand function.     

Numerical simulation of 2D and 3D sloshing waves in a regularly and randomly excited container

In this paper,various aspects of the 2D and 3D nonlinear liquid sloshing problems in vertically excited containers have been studied numerically along with the help of a modified-transformation.Based on this new numerical algorithm,a numerical study on a regularly and randomly excited container in vertical direction was conducted utilizing four different cases： The first case was performed utilizing a 2D container with regular excitations.The next case examined a regularly excited 3D container with two different initial conditions for the liquid free surface,and finally,3D container with random excitation in the vertical direction.A grid independence study was performed along with a series of validation tests.An iteration error estimation method was used to stop the iterative solver（used for solving the discretized governing equations in the computational domain） upon reaching steady state of results at each time step.In the present case,this method was found to produce quite accurate results and to be more time efficient as compared to other conventional stopping procedures for iterative solvers.The results were validated with benchmark results.The wave elevation time history,phase plane diagram and surface plots represent the wave nonlinearity during its motion.     

船用柴油机零件三维数模定义及应用研究*

针对目前船用柴油机零件设计制造中存在着二维图纸信息表达困难,信息传递不通畅等问题,提出使用集成的全三维数模进行信息传递的方法。采用全三维标注表达法表达设计意图,在工艺设计阶段依据这些设计意图规划工艺路线。以NX系统为软件平台,研究了基于全三维模型的信息提取方法,满足了后续应用模块的需要,实现了基于船用柴油机零件三维数字化模型设计与制造的集成化和自动化。     

基于运行速度的公路路线三维设计

鉴于公路线形设计中传统设计速度法的弊端日益显露,在总结分析国内外运行速度研究成果的基础上,结合交互式路线设计,将路线安全评价与CAD系统集成,完善了运行速度设计法,并进一步实现了基于运行速度的路线三维设计,能直观地对线形设计质量及行车安全进行检查与评价。     

基于FLAC3D的高速公路高边坡合理开挖施工工艺研究

为了合理的确定实例边坡开挖施工工艺,分别设定不同开挖级数和开挖深度工况,采用FLAC3D软件对该边坡在不同开挖工况下的变形情况和安全系数进行数值模拟,得到：①边坡的安全系数在每一级开挖过程中逐渐减小,因此要尽量减少对边坡的扰动;②边坡每级开挖深度为15 m时边坡的稳定性最好,开挖深度过小会对原始边坡形成持续扰动,而过大则容易形成剪切破坏贯通区,2种情况都不利于该边坡的稳定。