国际渔业管理中的生态标签制度

响应可持续性环境发展的号召,渔业生态标签制度应运而生。发展中国家最大的疑虑是担心形成潜在的贸易壁垒。世界粮农组织于2005年达成《海洋捕捞渔业鱼和渔产品生态际签国际准则》,希望给所有已经或者计划实行生态标签制度的国家以最大的信心和帮助。     

Trace element levels in some commercially valuable fish species from coastal waters of Mediterranean Sea, Egypt

Concentrations of 5 trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn) were determined in muscle of fishes collected from two coastal areas of the Egyptian coast of the Mediterranean Sea west of Alexandria (El-Mex Bay and Eastern Harbour). Sardinella aurita, Alepes djedaba, Siganus luridus, Siganus rivulatus, Sphyraena chrysotoenia, and Scomberomorus commerson were collected from El-Mex Bay. While Boops boops, Lithognathus mormyrus, Sparisoma cretense, Serranus cabrilla and Synodus saurus were collected from the E.H. In all fishes zinc was highest (up to 57 mg/kg) followed by Cr, Cu, Pb and Cd. The concentrations of several metals in fishes were significantly different among the species in each area. For all trace element examined, the concentrations decreased significantly with body weight of some fishes. In contrast, a positive correlation with body weight was found especially for Zn and Cu concentrations in 5 fish species and for Pb in 4 fish species. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were higher in fishes from El-Mex Bay (3.76, 6.49 and 57.21 mg/kg) than those from Eastern Harbour, whereas the opposite trend was observed for Cu and Cr, revealing the direct sources of trace metal pollution present in El-Mex coastal area. Levels of Cr surpassed the Maximum Permissible Concentration in most fish tissues, followed by Pb and Cd in some species. Cu and Zn presented concentrations below the maximum permissible levels in fish tissues.     

Experimental study of the state-of-the-art offshore system integrating a floating offshore wind turbine with a steel fish farming cage

An innovative offshore system integrating a floating offshore wind turbine with a steel fish farming cage (FOWT-SFFC) has recently been developed by the two leading authors for offshore wind and aquaculture industry. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamic responses of FOWT-SFFC subjected to simultaneous wind and wave actions in the harsh South China Sea environment by a series of model tests. The tests are conducted at the Tsinghua Ocean Engineering Basin with Froude scale of 1:30. In this paper, the similarity law and setup of model tests are given first. Then a series of calibration tests and identification tests are carried out to validate the capacity of wind generator and wave maker, and to identify the vibration frequencies of tower, the stiffness of mooring system, natural periods and system damping, motion response amplitude operators (RAOs) of FOWT-SFFC, and thrust-speed performance of the turbine in wave basin. After that, seakeeping tests are implemented for random waves, followed by a sequence of load cases including normal operating and extreme conditions. Constant wind speeds and random wind speeds are respectively considered in load combinations. The experimental results affirm the excellent seakeeping and dynamic performance of FOWT-SFFC. Existence of metal fish nets increases the damping of foundation's 6 degree-of-freedoms motions. Generally, the influence of nets on the dynamic responses is insignificant in wind sea states.     

一种仿生水下机器人的研究进展

近年来仿生技术在水下机器人上的应用已经成为水下机器人的重要研究方向之一.本文介绍了哈尔滨工程大学研制的"仿生-Ⅰ"号水下机器人.该机器人以蓝鳍金枪鱼为模本,长2.4m,前体固定,后体(约1/3体长)为具有3个节点的摆动装置,采用月牙形尾鳍.水动力计算和水池实验表明,仿鱼推进和操纵方式比传统的桨舵具有高效性和高机动性.     

渔船冷藏鱼舱蒸发盘管传热特性仿真研究

吸收式制冷技术可利用渔船柴油机尾气中的热能产生冷量对渔获物进行制冷保鲜,是一种能源循环利用的绿色节能技术。冷藏鱼舱内的制冷通常采用蒸发盘管形式,由于吸收式尾气制冷装置的制冷功率受限于渔船主机功率,为保证渔获物得到足够的冷量,应对鱼舱内的蒸发盘管布置进行优化。本文利用专业多物理场仿真软件,根据上海市36m标准化桁杆拖网渔船冷藏鱼舱的实际布置和装载情况,基于氨-水吸收式制冷方式,在渔获物模型简化、多种盘管布置下的温度场分布、蒸发温度对温度场影响等方面开展研究,对比研究了蒸发盘管总长不变的情况下分别布置在鱼舱顶部、布置在侧壁和布置在顶部与侧壁三种方式下的制冷效果,结果表明盘管全布置在舱顶对中心渔获物冷却效果最好。     

Sediment profile imaging (SPI) and micro-electrode technologies in impact assessment studies: Example from two fjords in Southern Chile used for fish farming

Two state-of-the-art techniques were used to assess the impact of organic loading from fish farming in two fjords of Southern Chile, Pillan and Reñihue Fjords. A sediment profile imaging (SPI) camera was deployed and sediment microprofiles (oxygen, H₂S, redox and pH) were measured in undisturbed sediment cores collected using a HAPS corer. Four out of seven stations in Pillan Fjord were found to be severely disturbed: SPI images showed azoic conditions (no apparent Redox Potential Discontinuity layer, no evidence of aerobic life form, presence of an uneaten fish food layer, negative OSI scores). These findings were corroborated by very high oxygen consumption rates (700–1200 mmol m^− 2 day^− 1), H₂S concentrations increasing quickly within the sediment column and redox potential decreasing towards negative values within a few mm down core. Results for Reñihue Fjord were not so straightforward. SPI images indicated that most of the stations (R3 to R7) presented well-mixed conditions (high apparent RPD layers, presence of infauna, burrows, etc.), but oxygen profiles yielded consumption rates of 230 to 490 mmol m^− 2 day^− 1 and organic carbon mineralization of 2.16 to 4.53 g C m^− 2 day^− 1. These latter values were close to the limit of aerobic degradation of organic matter although no visible changes were recorded within the sediment column. In view of our findings, the importance of integrating multidisciplinary methodologies in impact assessment studies was discussed.     

仿生蛋形封头屈曲对比分析

封头作为耐压壳的重要组成部分,常用于密闭柱形、锥形结构的端部,它的质量直接关系到潜水器的安全性和结构完整性。对深海蝶形密封保护罩设计进行研究,对比分析了蛋形封头、蝶形封头以及球形封头在相同工况条件下,其强度和稳定性特性;从而得出仿生蛋形封头在实际工程应用中的实用性。结果表明,蛋形封头综合性能最优,是千米水深耐压封头设计的有效选择。     

Ichthyoplankton in the neritic and coastal zone of Antarctica and Subantarctic islands: A review

Since the article published by Loeb et al. [Loeb, V.J., Kellermann, A., Koubbi, P., North, A.W., White, M., 1993. Antarctic larval fish assemblages: a review. Bull. Mar. Sci. 53(2), 416–449.] about Antarctic ichthyoplankton, many surveys were carried out in different sectors of the Southern Ocean focusing on different aspects of the ecology of fish larvae. Some of these researches were conducted in the Subantarctic Kerguelen Islands and others on the continental shelf off Terre Adélie and Georges V land. Oceanographic and geographic features influence fish larvae ecology such as island mass effects, gyres, canyons. Antarctic fishes show also temporal segregation of spawning which induces temporal succession of early stage larvae. This avoids competition and probably the predation on early stages for species having few recruits. In that case, we have to understand how these larvae can deal with the match–mismatch with their preys and how they find sufficient food to survive. But our knowledge on Antarctic fish larvae is still insufficient as we do not know larvae for quite a lot of species and because of the difficulty to sample during winter.     

从生态女性主义角度看伊丽莎白·毕肖普的《鱼》

伊丽莎白．毕肖普的诗歌《鱼》,把道德寓意和个人信念糅合在一起,诗中的“鱼”不仅仅可看作是一条普通的鱼,她是自然的象征,表达了作者希望人与自然和谐相处的生态主义观点。同时,诗歌中的鱼也是男性象征,表现出了作者超前的的生态女性主义的思想,给人以无尽的遐想与启示。     

Ecological conversion efficiency and its influencers in twelve species of fish in the Yellow Sea Ecosystem

The ecological conversion efficiencies in twelve species of fish in the Yellow Sea Ecosystem, i.e., anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), rednose anchovy (Thrissa kammalensis), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), halfbeak (Hyporhamphus sajori), gizzard shad (Konosirus punctatus), sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), red seabream (Pagrus major), black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegeli), black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), finespot goby (Chaeturichthys stigmatias), tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes), and fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii), were estimated through experiments conducted either in situ or in a laboratory. The ecological conversion efficiencies were significantly different among these species. As indicated, the food conversion efficiencies and the energy conversion efficiencies varied from 12.9% to 42.1% and from 12.7% to 43.0%, respectively. Water temperature and ration level are the main factors influencing the ecological conversion efficiencies of marine fish. The higher conversion efficiency of a given species in a natural ecosystem is acquired only under the moderate environment conditions. A negative relationship between ecological conversion efficiency and trophic level among ten species was observed. Such a relationship indicates that the ecological efficiency in the upper trophic levels would increase after fishing down marine food web in the Yellow Sea ecosystem.