Optimal bus fleet management strategy for emissions reduction

Transportation is a major cause for environmental degradation via exhaust emissions. For many transit-oriented metropolitan areas, bus trips often constitute a sizeable mode share. Managing the bus fleet, in particular updating buses to comply with the newer emissions standards, therefore, can have a substantial impact on transportation-induced air quality. This paper presents the approach of remaining life additional benefit–cost (RLABC) analysis for maximising the total net benefit by either early-retiring or retrofitting the current bus fleet within their lifespans. By referring to the net benefits for different bus types estimated by RLABC analysis, the most beneficial management scheme for the current bus fleet can be identified. Optimal bus fleet management (BFM) models based on the RLABC analysis for the operator and the government are developed. Then a government subsidy plan is produced to achieve win–win solutions, which will offer efficient and flexible management schemes. To illustrate the approach, the largest bus company in Hong Kong, which carries more than 23% of the total trips in Hong Kong, is taken as a case study example. Instead of adopting a fixed retirement plan, such as replacing buses at the age of 17 as is currently practised, the proposed method develops an optimal BFM scheme that progressively phases out buses or retrofits them. This study produces promising results to demonstrate the large benefit of this approach for optimal bus fleet management.     

船舶电力系统建模

分析研究船舶电力系统的安全性可以运用系统故障仿真手段，但必须对船舶电力系统精确的数学模型进行建模。从某大型集装箱船舶电力系统的工作原理出发，根据柴油发电机组的动态特性，研究了船舶电力系统模型的结构和原理，建立了船舶电力系统模型，该系统可以仿真船舶电力系统的许多运行工况。给出了发电机组正常起动过程和滑油泵、侧推器先后起动时滑油泵电缆发生三相接地故障的仿真过程，对电力系统的参数整定和安全策略的选取有一定的参考价值。     

内燃机车管系统切割的优化组合

东风4型内燃机车的管系统由燃油、机油、冷却水、空气制动等子系统组成.其材料规格多,数量多,用经验法切割下料,原材料平均利用率仅为86.5%;采用优化组合方法进行切割,可使原材料平均利用率提高到99.1%.     

容积式船用柴油机油耗仪的研制

本文介绍了一种采用容法计量的船用柴油机燃油消耗仪的结构及工作原理，并对测控单元进行了重点介绍。     

改变缸内涡流降低车用柴油机NOx和微粒排放

用喷气式可变涡流进气系统改变车用柴油机气缸内的涡流水平，研究了涡流对柴油机微粒（PI）和NOx排放的影响。结果表明，适度降低低速小负荷工况的涡流水平，在对PT排放影响不大的情况下，可以有效降低NOx的排放量；低速大负荷工况，适度提高气缸内的涡流水平，在不至于过在提高NOx排放的情况下，可以有效降低PT排放量，中速工况涡流水平的变化对PT排放量影响不大，而降低中速小负荷工况气缸内的涡流水平，可以有效降低NOx的排放量。降低高速工况气缸内的涡流水平，可以同时降低PT和NOx的排放量。     

DF8B型内燃机车冷却水系统故障分析

通过介绍DF8B型内燃机车冷却水系统作用原理,分析DF8B型内燃机车冷却水系统故障产生的原因,提出故障诊断方法,阐述应对措施,对DF8B型内燃机车冷却水系统故障的查找和处理提供参考。     

和谐型内燃大功率机车检修基地关键技术研究及实现

为满足和谐型内燃大功率机车检修的需要,结合哈尔滨大功率机车检修基地建设实例,回顾总结检修基地设计中采用的关键技术及先进设计理念。通过采用"虚拟现实技术"、"集成应用创新技术"、"检修工艺创新"等先进手段,将检修基地实体在计算机中三维虚拟再现,提高检修基地的设计和建设效率,解决和谐型内燃大功率机车动力组检修工艺等诸多难题,为完善和谐型内燃大功率机车检修基地的设计体系,为我国"铁路走出去"战略提供坚实的基础。     

Estimation of nitrogen oxides emissions from petrol and diesel passenger cars by means of on-board monitoring: Effect of vehicle speed,vehicle technology,engine type on emission rates

NO_X emission rates of 13 petrol and 3 diesel passenger cars as a function of average speed from 10 to 120 km/h, emission class (pre-Euro 1 – Euro 5), engine type were investigated by on-board monitoring on roads and highways of St. Petersburg using a portative Testo XXL 300 gas analyzer. The highest level of NO_X emission 0.5–2.5 g/km was inherent to old pre-Euro 1 petrol cars without a catalytic converter. NO_X emissions rates of Euro 1 and Euro 2 petrol cars changed within 0.15–0.9 g/km, Euro 3 – 0.015–0.27 g/km, Euro 4 – 0.013–0.1 g/km, Euro 5 – 0.002–0.043 g/km. Euro 3 – Euro 4 petrol cars generally satisfied corresponding NO_X Emission Standards (ES), except cold-start period, Euro 5 petrol cars did not exceed ES. Warmed, stabilized engines of Euro 3 – Euro 5 petrol cars showed 5–10 times lower NO_X emission rates than corresponding ES in the range of speed from 20 to 90 km/h. NO_X emission rates of diesel Euro 3 and Euro 4 cars varied from 0.45 to 1.1 g/km and from 0.31 to 1.1 g/km, respectively. Two examined diesel Euro 3 and one Euro 4 passenger vehicles did not satisfy NO_X ES at real use. Euro 3 diesel cars showed 28.9 times higher NO_X emissions than Euro 3 petrol cars and Euro 4 diesel car demonstrated 17.6 times higher NO_X emissions than Euro 4 petrol cars at warmed and stabilized engine at a cruise speed ranging from 30 to 60 km/h.     

铁路内燃机车多级五代柴油机油

参照美国机车维修者协会(LMOA)、美国机车生产厂家GE公司和GM公司铁路内燃机车五代油的技术规格,确定研制的五代油暂行技术指标。通过一系列的性能筛选评定试验,包括氧化安定试验、青铜—钢摩擦磨损试验、四球磨损试验、转盘清净性试验和烟炱分散试验,经多次筛选,确定出五代油的配方。并进行L—38轴瓦腐蚀性和1G2高温清净性发动机台架试验。在为期20个月DF4D机车的现场行车试验中,对四代油和五代油两种在用油进行理化、红外光谱、发射光谱和铁谱分析,还对柴油机的动力组进行拆检:连杆轴瓦和活塞环称重、活塞清净性评分,综合考察机油的抗氧、抗磨和清净分散性能。行车试验验证使用五代油可以减少机油中烟炱凝聚的几率,降低粘度增长的速度。研究结果表明,研制的五代油具有较好的抗氧、抗磨和清净分散性能,粘度增长得以抑制,延长了机油的使用寿命。     

废气再循环对车用柴油机性能与排放的影响

为了降低车用柴油机的NOx排放，研究了不同工况下EGR率对柴油机性能的影响。试验结果表明，采用EGR可以有效地降低NOx排放。大负荷比小负荷效果显著，但微粒的排放有所增加。小负荷采用EGR时可以改善发动机的燃烧，微粒排放基本没有变化。空燃比是影响微粒排放的关键因素，小负荷宜采用大EGR率，大负荷时宜采用小EGR率，以求在控制NOx排放降低的同时，总的微粒排放不至增加过多。