Parameters optimisation of a vehicle suspension system using a particle swarm optimisation algorithm

The purpose of this paper is to determine the lumped suspension parameters that minimise a multi-objective function in a vehicle model under different standard PSD road profiles. This optimisation tries to meet the rms vertical acceleration weighted limits for human sensitivity curves from ISO 2631 [ISO-2631: guide for evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Europe; 1997] at the driver's seat, the road holding capability and the suspension working space. The vehicle is modelled in the frequency domain using eight degrees of freedom under a random road profile. The particle swarm optimisation and sequential quadratic programming algorithms are used to obtain the suspension optimal parameters in different road profile and vehicle velocity conditions. A sensitivity analysis is performed using the obtained results and, in Class G road profile, the seat damping has the major influence on the minimisation of the multi-objective function. The influence of vehicle parameters in vibration attenuation is analysed and it is concluded that the front suspension stiffness should be less stiff than the rear ones when the driver's seat relative position is located forward the centre of gravity of the car body. Graphs and tables for the behaviour of suspension parameters related to road classes, used algorithms and velocities are presented to illustrate the results. In Class A road profile it was possible to find optimal parameters within the boundaries of the design variables that resulted in acceptable values for the comfort, road holding and suspension working space.     

整体式桥台-H形钢桩-土相互作用低周往复拟静力试验（双语出版）

整体桥具有使用寿命长、施工方便、造价及养护费用低等特点，目前在国内外得到了广泛应用与推广。然而，整体桥在季节性温度荷载作用下会发生往复位移，并产生桥台-桩基-土相互作用。为此，以福建上坂大桥为背景，设计制作桥台-桩基结构试验模型，开展桥台-H形钢桩基-土相互作用低周往复荷载拟静力试验研究，主要研究桥台、桩基的滞回性能与变形规律以及桥台-桩基-土三者相互作用的机理。结果表明：桥台与桩基的等效黏滞阻尼比均较大，其值大于0.15，即整体桥具有良好的抗震性能和耗能能力；整体桥在温度作用下桩基处于弹性状态，但会发生残余变形，同时在台背与桩顶的一定宽度和深度范围内存在土体脱空现象，实际工程中产生桥头跳车、搭板沉降的原因不仅与台后土体的特性相关，还与桥台结构的受力机理相关；仅测量和分析上部未入土结构的变形并不能准确反映整体结构的变形规律；试验循环加载全过程桥台-桩基-土相互作用会产生累积变形，其中桩基的累积变形要大于桥台的累积变形，且其累积变形远大于任意单步荷载作用下产生的变形；目前对于现有桥台-桩基变形的理论并未考虑累积变形的影响，该研究结果可为有关规范的制订提供参考。     

Experimental study on a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice-covered water. Model tests were carried out with two different depths of cut into the ice (15 and 35 mm), two different ice conditions (presawn and pack ice conditions), and four different azimuthing angles. The depth of cut is the maximum penetration depth of the propeller blade into the ice block. The 0.3-m-diameter model propeller was operated in a continuous ice milling condition. Ice loads were measured by several sensors which were installed in various positions on the model. Six one-axis pancake-style load cells on the top of the model measured the global loads and two six-component dynamometers were installed on the shaft to measure the shaft loads. One six-component dynamometer was attached to the one of the propeller blades inside the hub to measure the blade loads. The pod unit and propeller performance in ice are presented. Ice-related loads, which were obtained when the blade was inside the ice block, are introduced and discussed. During the propeller–ice interaction, a blade can experience the path generated by the previous blade, which is called the shadowing effect. The effects of shadowing, depth of cut, azimuthing angle, and advance coefficient on propulsor performance are presented and discussed.     

A note on the use of correlation coefficients for assessing goodness-of-fit in spatial interaction models

The use of correlation coefficients to evaluate the accuracy of spatial interaction models is inappropriate unless such models have been fitted using least squares techniques. In other cases the correlation involves an implicit intercept value and a regression coefficient that may significantly modify the interaction model's estimates. Researchers have not acknowledged the role of these two parameters when the correlation is used. A generalized root mean square error is proposed as an alternative indicator of accuracy that may be used with any model.     

Simulation of dynamic interaction between train and railway turnout

Dynamic train–track interaction is more complex in railway turnouts (switches and crossings) than that in ordinary tangent or curved tracks. Multiple contacts between wheel and rail are common, and severe impact loads with broad frequency contents are induced, when nominal wheel–rail contact conditions are disturbed because of the continuous variation in rail profiles and the discontinuities in the crossing panel. The absence of transition curves at the entry and exit of the turnout, and the cant deficiency, leads to large wheel–rail contact forces and passenger discomfort when the train is switching into the turnout track. Two alternative multibody system (MBS) models of dynamic interaction between train and a standard turnout design are developed. The first model is derived using a commercial MBS software. The second model is based on a multibody dynamics formulation, which may account for the structural flexibility of train and track components (based on finite element models and coordinate reduction methods). The variation in rail profile is accounted for by sampling the cross-section of each rail at several positions along the turnout. Contact between the back of the wheel flange and the check rail, when the wheelset is steered through the crossing, is considered. Good agreement in results from the two models is observed when the track model is taken as rigid.     

沉箱结构的有限元分析

某码头为大直径圆沉箱重力墩式结构，应用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS，对沉箱结构建立三维有限元模型，分别按考虑地基与沉箱作用和不考虑地基与沉箱作用进行计算。计算与分析结果表明，2种算法上部结构的计算结果相近，不考虑沉箱与地基共同作用的底板内力过于保守。     

Mathematical modelling of train–turnout interaction

The paper proposes a mathematical model of train–turnout interaction in the mid-frequency range (0–500 Hz). The model accounts for the effects of rail profile variation along the track and of local variation of track flexibility. The proposed approach is able to represent the condition of one wheel being simultaneously in contact with more than one rail, allowing the accurate prediction of the effect of wheels being transferred from one rail to another when passing over the switch toe and the crossing nose. Comprehensive results of train–turnout interaction during the negotiation of the main and the branch lines are presented, including the effect of wear of wheel/rail profiles and presence of track misalignment. In the final part of the paper, comparisons are performed between the results of numerical simulations and line measurements performed on two different turnouts for urban railway lines, showing a good agreement between experimental and numerical results.     

渗透球壳流固耦合问题的位移及内力解

在弹性薄壳的线性(非线性)理论和流体力学基本方程的基础上,在小雷诺数的情况下应用相容欧拉-拉格朗日法建立了渗透球壳在流体中流固耦合的基本方程及关系式,并通过摄动法求解了渗透球壳在粘性流体中的流函数从而进一步解出其位移及内力解.通过具体算例,给出了壳的位移变形及内力图,并对有关参数进行讨论,绘出相关曲线.得出渗透系数k和流速越大的情况下,壳体位移也就越大,相应的内力也变大;球壳在三个角度处位移为零.文章能为过滤器问题提供指导.     

Investigating the influence of soil properties on railway traffic vibration using a numerical model

This paper presents the influence of dynamic and geometrical soil parameters on the propagation of ground vibrations induced by external loads. The proposed approach is based on a three-dimensional model, focusing on realistic excitation sources like impulse loads and moving railway vehicles. For the latter, a complete vehicle/track model is developed. The simulation is performed in time domain, offering an interesting approach, compared with classic cyclic analyses. The ground is modelled initially as an elastic homogeneous half-space and additionally as a layered half-space. First, the effect of homogeneous soil properties on ground vibration is analysed. Soil stratification is then taken into account, using various configurations. Analysis reveals that as receiver distance increases ground wave reflection in a layered ground plays an important role in the reduction of ground surface motion. This effect is magnified when the phase velocity wavelength becomes large compared with the depth of the surface layer.     

网络互动在《船舶高级消防》实操教学中的探索

从《船舶高级消防》实操教学中"呼吸器"单项实训入手,总结了网络互动教学在《船舶高级消防》实操教学中的实施过程,并对实施后的教学效果进行了评述。