非硫酸盐高浓度有机废水酸化的可生化性指标

利用表观B/C指标和理论B/C指标评价了厌氧酸化过程对蔗糖-蛋白胨人工废水可生化性的影响.结果显示对于COD为1 064～63 900 mg/L的废水,采用表观B/C评价指标,废水的可生化性降低了0%～96%;采用理论B/C指标,可生化性提高幅度为2%～21.6%.实验结果表明用理论B/C指标评价厌氧酸化过程对蔗糖-蛋白胨人工废水可生化性的影响较之表观B/C更为科学合理;同时说明对于非硫酸盐废水类型,理论B/C作为评价其酸化过程改变废水可生化性的指标同样适用;酸化出水的理论B/C随废水COD增加呈现下降的趋势,理论分析认为其与废水的酸化度(α)有关,酸化度越低,酸化出水的理论B/C越低.     

横通道对隧道火灾烟气浓度影响的数值模拟

文章利用fluent对隧道发生火灾时,不考虑横通道和考虑横通道且横通道内不同风速时烟气浓度的分布规律进行了三维数值模拟,研究结果表明：（1）横通道的开启对于火灾的发展及变化有着较大的影响,在火灾初期,风机通风风速为临界风速,在疏散救援阶段,应减小通风风速,避免横通道的气流使火灾隧道的烟气蔓延速度过快而对火源下游的人员不利;（2）入口通风风速越大,横通道中风速的大小对隧道中线上烟气浓度的影响越小;（3）不考虑横通道和考虑横通道且横通道内风速不同时,烟气浓度的纵向分布规律都基本相同,但是隧道不同横断面上的烟气浓度横向分布随风速的不同呈现出较复杂的规律,如果人员仍然沿着隧道中线逃离,可能会受到一定的威胁.     

港内波能集中及治理措施试验研究

以烟台西港区工作船码头为例,介绍了港内波能集中现象。该港口在防波堤建设后,工作船泊位前的泊稳条件并未像预期那样得到改善。通过物理模型试验和理论分析,找出了波能集中形成的原因。并通过物理模型试验研究了不同的整治措施,包括减少进入港内的波能和在港内增加消波措施等不同方法,可为类似工程提供借鉴。     

顺序输送终点混油量近似计算

顺序输送成品油管道在不同油品接触区会产生一段混油,混油量的计算是成品油管输的重要环节。通过对混油浓度的变化规律进行分析,得到浓度变化函数。文中应用雅勃隆斯基-希兹基洛夫湍流扩散系数公式得到终点混油量近似计算公式,并给出相应计算实例。     

连云港外海含沙量推求及航道回淤预测

目前国内在研究淤泥质海岸航道回淤时,通常仅有近岸含沙量的实测资料,而外海含沙量较难获得。为此,建议可以利用实测的航道淤积、近岸含沙量等资料,根据刘家驹的航道回淤计算公式,近岸率定淤积系数,反推外海泥沙含量,据此进行航道回淤预测。经过连云港7万吨级进港航道验证,计算的航道回淤与实测值吻合较好,在此基础上,对拟建的连云港15万吨级航道回淤进行了预测。研究结果表明,所提出的方法切实可行,计算结果合理可信,可以作为相似条件下航道泥沙回淤计算的参考。     

京沪线接触网集中修模式的探讨

接触网设备是铁路重要行车设备之一,对铁路运输的安全和畅通起着重要作用.本文通过京沪线接触网集中修试点情况,探讨接触网检修模式,提出了实施集中修既可以提高设备检修效率、节约检修成本,快速改善设备质量,又能减少运输损失.     

大跨度公路隧道交叉分岔段施工方案研究

由于支隧道的存在，交叉段结构受力复杂，围岩应力高度集中，给施工带来很大困难。为获得交叉段合理施工方案，以四川雅砻江官地水电站内交通工程——隧道交叉段实态建模，进行5种可能方案的三维施工数值研究。结果表明，每种方案中交叉段围岩的竖向位移和应力集中程度均较其他部位高20％以上；开挖后立即支护或分部开挖，可明显降低交叉部围岩的应力集中程度；对交叉部控制截面进行线型优化，可改善裸洞受力情况。研究结论对设计、施工交叉隧道有一定指导意义。     

静电除尘装置在公路隧道通风中的使用条件研究

隧道通风需风量的确定是取CO浓度指标和烟雾指标计算出来的较大者作为需风量。如果是烟雾浓度指标的需风量大于CO指标需风量,则静电除尘装置的使用可以降低隧道内的需风量,从而提高了运行的经济性。在不同的坡度和车速下,机动车的CO和烟雾的排放特性会发生变化。研究了在不同的坡度和车速下,静电除尘装置基本使用条件的确定。研究成果可用于隧道通风设计与研究中。     

Port system evolution – the emergence of second-tier hubs

Some evidence has emerged of second-tier hubs inserting themselves between hubs and feeder ports, producing a new hierarchy of port networks. This article aims to establish the dynamics of this process based on illustrative cases in Asia, South America, and Europe. Findings reveal spatial factors to include a cluster of small ports with minimal sailing distance within a given range, suitable channel and berth depth, and ideally high capacity inland links. From the economic perspective, demand-side factors include a local captive market and aggregated demand to be captured from other ports, while supply-side factors include diseconomies of scale at traditional hubs, an increase in direct services, an increase in large feeder vessels calling from first-tier hubs which are then transhipped to smaller feeders for serving local ports, and an increase in overland servicing of local smaller ports. From a strategic perspective, vertical and horizontal integration in the shipping sector has produced extensive network economies, whereby shipping lines look to create group-specific port hierarchies, enhanced in the presence of aggressive management strategies and supportive policies. This finding suggests that proactive port stakeholders can in certain circumstances seize the opportunity to capture this role within their port range.     

On particulate emissions from moving trains in a tunnel environment

Increasing attention is being paid to airborne particles in railway environments because of their potential to adversely affect health. In this study, we investigate the contribution of moving trains to both the concentration and size distribution of particles in tunnel environments. Real-time measurements were taken with high time-resolution instruments at a railway station platform in a tunnel in Stockholm in January 2013. The results show that individual trains stopping and starting at the platform substantially elevate the particulate concentrations with a mobility diameter greater than 100 nm. Two size modes of the particulate number concentrations were obtained. A mode of around 170 nm occurs when a train moves, while the other mode peaks at about 30 nm when there is no train in the station. By using principal component analysis (PCA), three contributing sources were identified on the basis of the classification of the sizes of the particles, namely railway-related mechanical wear, suspension due to the movement of trains and sparking of electric-powered components. It is concluded that the particulate matter released by individual moving trains is a key contributor to fine particles (100–500 nm) on the railway platform in a tunnel.