船用空调机组压缩机液击故障分析及排除

某型船中央空调系统采用1台压缩机(Carrier 5 H86型)配备2台空调器的形式,使用1404A型号制冷剂.文章结合该型空调机组屡次发生压缩机液击现象,通过理论分析和实际应用,找出问题所在,提出具体解决方案,并在实际应用中得以验证其合理性.     

新型桁架箱体浮筏结构重量优化研究

结合桁架结构的优点,将桁架结构应用于传统浮筏形成一种新型桁架箱体浮筏结构,并对其重量进行优化。首先在有限元软件Abaqus中建立了桁架箱体浮筏模型,然后基于模态分析,重力场分析和抗冲击分析,以筏架上、下面板厚度为设计变量,分析了面板厚度变化对结构刚度及强度水平的影响,且在保证足够刚度和强度水平的前提下,浮筏减重可达15.4%。本文的研究可为新型桁架箱体浮筏的结构轻量化设计奠定基础。     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

Q235钢等离子喷涂Cr2O3涂层性能研究

采用PT3X IPS-1000等离子喷涂系统在Q235钢表面制备Cr_2O_3涂层,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和硬度计等设备观察涂层微观形貌、测试元素组成及硬度等表面性能,采用电化学测试、盐雾试验等手段研究涂层耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:等离子喷涂Cr_2O_3涂层表面均匀,硬度比基材提高约600 HV,自腐蚀电位增加0.509 V,耐腐蚀性能显著增加,对基材形成良好保护。     

基于CFD与三因次法结合的低速多用途船的阻力预报

为了实现对低速多用途船舶的阻力性能进行准确预报,提出将基于CFD的数值模拟与三因次法相结合的总阻力预报方法,采用Solidworks三维软件对某低速多用途船进行三维建模,依据Gambit软件对模型进行流域划分和网格划分,应用CFD理论选取合理的湍流模型和求解方法进行数值模拟计算,得到对应航速下船模的总阻力值系数,根据普鲁哈斯卡假设和三因次方法,利用最小二乘法拟合形状系数,进而计算出实船的总阻力,并且分析数值模拟的速度云图.最后与传统阻力估算方法-艾亚法进行比较,说明本文采用的阻力计算方法是可行性,给今后低速多用途肥大型船的阻力研究提供借鉴.     

基于CML的级联失效下异质多层交通网络节点抵抗特性研究

为了有效刻画拟合实际的多层交通网络级联失效过程，识别多层网络中对整体韧性安全影响显著的对象，提升交通网络抵抗失效的能力，建立一种基于耦合映象格子（Coupled Map Lattice， CML）的级联失效模型。首先，将交通管控措施赋予交通网络节点额外的容纳能力引申为节点抵抗特性，通过为CML添加抵抗参数H，形成考虑抵抗特性的级联失效（HCML）模型，沿常值-拓扑关联-时变拓扑关联的路径深化H的表征方式，并在小世界（Small World， SW）网络上对比3类表征方式的优劣；其次，应用Space H方法建立异质3层公共交通网络，对比度值与介数2种时变拓扑指标关联的抵抗效果，探究不同交通层抵抗系数对网络失效的影响程度；最后，在6组不同的网络结构上进行HCML模型与传统模型的对比，讨论建网方法、网络规模等不同网络性质的差异对模型有效性的影响，并结合实际客运数据验证HCML模型优越性。研究结果表明：3类表征方式中时变拓扑关联可以兼顾其余2类的优点；同等条件中网络在介数关联的抵抗特性作用下失效增速更缓，模型识别得到的对网络整体失效影响更大交通方式符合客流量实际；HCML模型在多种不同类型的多层交通网络中均可以有效实施，相比于传统模型，HCML模型的最终失效比例平均下降了5.78%，与实际交通级联失效过程更加拟合。     

Mitigating environmental impacts in advance: Evidence of cost and time savings for transportation projects

The traditional model for mitigating a transportation project’s environmental impacts typically operates project-by-project and delivers the mitigation just-in-time. In contrast, the newer practice of advance mitigation comprehensively assesses and mitigates impacts from one or multiple transportation projects before or during project planning, sometimes long before project construction begins. The practice has gained adherents for its potential to improve ecological outcomes, by better aligning mitigation and conservation goals. Advance mitigation also stands to reduce mitigation costs, an important secondary benefit for transportation agencies with constrained resources. Evidence of cost savings, however, has been piecemeal and anecdotal. This paper advances knowledge of advance mitigation’s financial impacts in two ways. First, it critically assesses the evidence about cost savings realized through advance mitigation, both through avoided up-front costs and reduced project delay. Second, it directly estimates the project time savings that might accrue with advance mitigation of state highway projects in California. Overall, the balance of evidence is encouraging for transportation agencies that would introduce the practice, and general agreement exists on its financial benefits. Considering project delays related only to the environmental process, we estimate advance mitigation could reduce delivery times by 1.3–5.0 months per project. Still, we also identify factors limiting comprehensive analysis. Transportation agencies adopting advance mitigation practices into their operations could use a pilot approach that includes rigorous environmental and mitigation cost accounting; such pilots would build needed empirical evidence of advance mitigation’s financial and ecological outcomes.     

多泵串联技术在环保疏浚工程中的应用

在现代化的疏浚施工时，往往需要将江河湖泊的淤泥疏浚到较远的位置。针对疏浚淤泥远距离输送的问题，研究了挖泥船与多台接力泵船串联施工的工艺。结果表明：串联接力泵船可以显著提高淤泥的运输距离；管道阻力损失的理论值有助于确定接力泵船的位置；施工过程中，挖泥船与各泵船的施工配合尤为重要。结合太湖清淤工程的实施，总结得出挖泥船与多台接力泵船串联的工艺流程、管道输送阻力、位置距离等，提高了工程的施工效率和施工质量。     

长江下游感潮河段造床流量计算研究

针对长江下游大通至长江口的感潮河段,借助潮流数学模型,计算造床流量,研究其特点及变化规律。研究表明:计算感潮河段造床流量时,流量输沙率法使用方便,计算结果较为合理;对于天生港以上河段,存在两个造床流量,而对于徐六泾以下河段,则存在一个造床流量群;大通至仪征河段的造床流量沿程变化较少,自仪征开始造床流量沿程逐渐提高,主要应与纳潮量沿程增加有关。     

The role of the air transport service in interregional long-distance students’ mobility in Italy

This study investigates the role of air transport service in the attractiveness of universities to national students, examining how it might stimulate local economic development by attracting highly skilled labor. Examining the flow of Italian university students at the provincial level in 2003–2012, we find that the air transport service affects university attractiveness for long-distance students living at least 300 km from their university. Specifically, accessibility increases with the proximity of universities to airports, when low-cost carriers serve university routes and more alternative airports exist at the origin. Further, our results suggest that, over the last decade, air transport service has facilitated mobility of long-distance students from southern areas to universities in the north of Italy, where students generally move to increase their future prospects.