Network-wide impacts of eco-routing strategies: A large-scale case study

This paper quantifies the system-wide impacts of implementing a dynamic eco-routing system, considering various levels of market penetration and levels of congestion in downtown Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, USA. The study concludes that eco-routing systems can reduce network-wide fuel consumption and emission levels in most cases; the fuel savings over the networks range between 3.3% and 9.3% when compared to typical travel time minimization routing strategies. We demonstrate that the fuel savings achieved through eco-routing systems are sensitive to the network configuration and level of market penetration of the eco-routing system. The results also demonstrate that an eco-routing system typically reduces vehicle travel distance but not necessarily travel time. We also demonstrate that the configuration of the transportation network is a significant factor in defining the benefits of eco-routing systems. Specifically, eco-routing systems appear to produce larger fuel savings on grid networks compared to freeway corridor networks. The study also demonstrates that different vehicle types produce similar trends with regard to eco-routing strategies. Finally, the system-wide benefits of eco-routing generally increase with an increase in the level of the market penetration of the system.     

基于多体动力学和有限元理论的汽车转向节疲劳设计

以汽车前悬转向节开发为例，综合应用系统动力学仿真分析方法和有限元分析方法，对汽车转向节的结构进行了不同极限工况下的强度分析，得到转向节上的应力分布，并在此基础上进行了耐久性疲劳分析。通过对结果的分析，找出改进设计的方向，缩短了开发周期，节约了开发成本。     

A zone design methodology for national freight origin–destination data and transportation modeling

The zone system used for freight data collection and the geographic resolution of published data has a significant impact on analysis and planning. The majority of existing freight model zones are created in an ad hoc way. In this paper, a new model-based design method is introduced to develop freight zones for the continental USA. It focuses on two methodology issues: (1) the criteria that represent the desired properties of a zone system and (2) the constraints that govern the shape, size, and continuity of zones. The method is applied to the continental USA by optimizing an interzonal travel distance weighted by freight flows using county-level freight data. Several optimal national-level freight zone systems with different numbers of zones are developed. The results indicate that a 300-zone system provides a balance between the number of zones and optimization measures where the currently available public freight data are provided with approximately 100 zones.     

Are vehicle trajectories simulated by dynamic traffic models relevant for estimating fuel consumption?

This paper questions the relevance of microscopic traffic models for estimating the impact of traffic strategies on fuel consumption. Urban driving cycles from the ARTEMIS database are simplified into piecewise linear speed profiles to mimic the classical outputs of microscopic traffic flow models. Fuel consumption is estimated for real and simplified trajectories and links between kinematics and the fuel consumption errors are investigated. Simplifying trajectories causes fuel consumption underestimation, from −1.2 to −5.2% on average according to the level of simplification; errors can approach −20% for some cycles. A focus on kinematic phases indicates that the maximum speed reached and the time decelerating are the main influences on fuel consumption. Finally, in the case where maximum speeds are estimated correctly, it is shown that errors committed at each kinematic phase when acceleration distributions are approximated by their mean values, converge towards small errors over complete cycles. A method is developed to quantify and reduce these errors.     

Scaled vehicle tire characteristics: dimensionless analysis

This article demonstrates the use of dimensional analysis for scaled vehicle tires. The motivation for this approach is the understanding of realistic nonlinear tire behavior in scaled vehicle control studies. By examining the behavior of vehicle tires within a dimensionless framework, several key tire parameters are developed that allow for an appropriate relationship between full-sized tires and scaled tires. Introducing these scalings into vehicle dynamics studies allows for the development of scaled vehicles that have a high degree of dynamic similitude with full-sized vehicles, but are safer and more economical testbeds on which to develop experimental control strategies. Experimental data are used to compare the nonlinear characteristics for sets of scaled and full-sized tires. Finally, design of a scaled vehicle based on tire characteristics is demonstrated.     

多学科优化设计在半潜式钻井平台设计中的应用

多学科优化设计（Multidisciplinary Design Optimization，MDO）是通过考虑学科之间的相互耦合来挖掘设计潜力，通过系统的综合分析来进行方案的选择和评估的一种应用于工程设计阶段的先进设计理念和设计方法，能够达到提高设计效率，降低设计成本的目的。半潜式钻井平台是具有高复杂度的工程系统，在其方案设计中要考虑到水动力学、结构力学、动力定位、工程应用以及成本分析等多个学科，非常适合于多学科优化设计的应用。以半潜式钻井平台方案设计为例，介绍了如何使用多学科优化设计来考虑影响平台的多个因素之间的耦合关系，以确定平台的主尺度，来获得最佳的平台总体性能；介绍了应用多学科优化设计时的三个重要关键技术：复杂问题的分解、数学建模和近似模型技术。     

码头沉箱变形的离心模型试验和数值分析

以某重力式码头沉箱结构为研究对象，进行了基于此码头的两种方案的离心模型试验，研究了不同条件下重力式码头的变形情况；利用非线性有限元程序ABAQUS，建立了挡土墙．砂垫层．地基体系固结问题的数值模型，然后分别以典型重力式码头的离心模型试验和工程原型为计算对象，以离心加速度增长和码头高度增长为加荷方式，对离心模型试验过程和码头的施工过程进行了数值模拟。综合对比了多种条件下码头和地基的变形情况，并探讨了地基土模量、淤积土的开挖深度对变形的影响，分析了施工过程中和竣工后的超静孔隙压水压力的变化和变形规律。     

非平稳车载及抗力劣化进程下混凝土桥梁时变可靠性评估

为实现同时考虑车载过程及抗力劣化进程非平稳性的在役混凝土桥梁构件时变可靠性评估，首先，联合时域内的动态广义极值分布模型及蒙特卡洛模拟实现对连续非平稳车载过程的极值建模，介绍基于Gamma过程的在役混凝土桥梁构件抗力非平稳劣化模型的建立及更新；其次，综合考虑边际救生成本准则、个体风险准则及社会风险准则对运营阶段目标可靠度指标取值进行讨论，为时变可靠性评估提供基准安全边界；最后，在基于风险函数的时变可靠性分析方法框架之下建立同时考虑车载及抗力非平稳性的时变可靠性分析方法，其中借助高斯数值积分及泰勒级数展开解决时变可靠性的求解问题，并采用一个实桥分析案例对上述分析流程的应用进行说明。研究结果表明：当荷载参数截口分布呈现多峰形态时，可采用广义极值分布函数族中的极值Ⅰ型分布对其年最大分布进行描述；交通量的持续增长将导致变量年最大分布位置参数的不断提升及尺度参数的不断下降；综合考虑3种可靠度指标分析准则，建议在役混凝土桥梁构件运营阶段年目标可靠度指标取为3.98，具体评估工作中不能忽略基准期对目标可靠度指标的影响；通过时变可靠性评估工作的开展，可获取构件在未来较长服役期内可靠度指标的变化情况、服役状态达到临界安全水平所对应的时间节点以及构件可靠性冗余度的时变情况；该类结果的获取可为在役桥梁全寿命维养策略制定等工作提供直接参考。     

快速原型制造技术探讨和应用

综合运用计算机辅助设计和制造技术、激光技术和材料学技术,在没有传统模具和夹具的情况下,快速制造出任意复杂形状而又具有一定功能的三维实体模型或零件。     

鱼脊梁与部分斜拉桥组合体系桥梁参数化分析

鱼脊式连续梁桥具有结构刚度大、支点负弯矩大、跨中弯矩和下挠度小等受力特点,而部分斜拉桥需要刚度较大的加劲梁,因此.可以利用鱼脊式连续梁桥和部分斜拉桥的优点来组合两种桥型。为了得岀这一组合体系的适用范围和受力特性,对一系列鱼脊式连续梁桥和部分斜拉桥的组合结构桥梁进行了参数化分析。