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81.
Exposure to fine particulate matter from vehicle exhaust is associated with increased health risk. This study develops a new approach for creating spatially detailed regional maps of fine particulate matter concentration from vehicle exhaust using a dispersion model to better evaluate these risks. The spatial extent, diurnal, and seasonal patterns of concentration fields across Los Angeles County, California are evaluated and population exposure and exposure equity by race and income are investigated. The results demonstrate how this modeling approach can create new knowledge about vehicle emissions exposure. This approach also provides a method for proactively screening out regional plans, or specific projects within these plans, that are likely to cause air quality concerns. A proactive and regional air quality assessment can identify potential problems earlier in the planning process and a wider range of solutions, saving time, money and protecting public health. The detailed concentration maps can also be used to improve the siting of regulatory air quality monitors and provide more accurate exposure data for epidemiology studies. 相似文献
82.
Due to the spatial complexity and fabrication characteristics of offshore platforms, it is inevitable to encounter overlaps or proximity of weld lines in tubular joints. Several international standards such as American Petroleum Institute (API), American Welding Society (AWS), and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) regulate the minimum distance between primary weld beads; however, any logical and detailed background of this limitation has not been presented. For a non-compliant weld joint where the regulation is not met, fracture toughness calculation is a typical index to verify the structural integrity.This research consists of two parts. First, weld residual stress distributions are calculated by a 3D thermo-mechanical nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Two crossing welds, a T-weld crossing on a butt weld, are simulated in one model. A separate tee and a butt welding simulations are also performed for a comparative purpose. Second, SIFs and J-integral values are calculated at the surface and deepest crack tip locations for four different types of semi-elliptical surface cracks. Four cracks are embedded into the weld model and the residual stress distribution from the 3D thermo-mechanical FEA are mapped to a 3D FE crack model as initial conditions. An additional axial tensile load is also imposed. SIF values are compared with those using the weighting function method for the butt weld model subject to three load cases, i.e., tensile stress only, weld residual stress only, and both of them. From the simulation, a tubular joint containing a chord girth weld intersected with weld beads of brace is found to show lower the SIF values than that having only a girth weld on chord. 相似文献
83.
84.
丙烯酸泡棉胶带在优化汽车结构方面已经成为了一种越来越重要的方式。为了更好地提供在汽车优化结构设计方面的选择,文章介绍了丙烯酸泡棉胶带的发展及其性能特点,针对汽车结构设计的优化,通过对丙烯酸泡棉胶带固定方式和传统机械固定方式的比较和分析,同时也通过两者在提高整车密封性能和降低整车质量方面的比较和分析进一步说明丙烯酸泡棉胶带在汽车内外饰连接固定的方式和汽车结构设计的方面提供了更加优化、更加经济和更加环保的选择。 相似文献
85.
对长短桩复合地基在竖向荷载作用下的力学性状进行了研究,揭示了长短桩复合地基在不同桩土刚度比条件下桩土相互作用、荷载分担比、桩土应力比及荷载传递方面的变化规律。试验结果表明,此类复合地基能使刚性桩、柔性桩以及土体协调变形,合理发挥它们各自的承载能力,为今后的设计和推广应用提供了依据。 相似文献
86.
Mohammad Ali Lotfollahi-Yaghin 《Marine Structures》2011,24(3):239-260
Regarding the research efforts expended so far on the calculation of stress concentration factors (SCFs) in tubular joints, two major shortcomings can be noted: (a) significant effort has been devoted to the study of SCFs in various uni-planar connections. Nevertheless, for multi-planar joints which cover the majority of practical applications, very few investigations have been reported due to the complexity and high cost involved; (b) majority of these research works focused on the study of SCFs at certain positions such as the saddle, crown toe, and crown heel, and they have ignored the hot-spot stress (HSS) at other positions along the weld toe. In the present paper, effects of dimensionless geometrical parameters on the SCF distribution along the weld toe of main (outer) braces in the axially loaded right-angle two-planar tubular DKT-joints are investigated. In order to study the multi-planar effect, SCF distribution in two-planar joints is compared with the distribution in a uni-planar joint having the same geometrical properties. A complete set of SCF database is constructed based on the two-planar DKT-joint Finite element models which are verified against experimental results and the predictions of Lloyd’s Register (LR) equations. The FE models cover a wide range of geometrical parameters. Six new SCF parametric formulae are developed through nonlinear regression analyses for the accurate and reliable fatigue design of two-planar DKT-joints under axial loads. An assessment study of these equations is conducted against the experimental data, the original FEM database and the acceptance criteria recommended by the UK Department of Energy. 相似文献
87.
毛羽山隧道高地应力软岩大变形施工控制技术 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
兰渝铁路毛羽山隧道出口段穿越薄层状碳质板岩地层,区域原岩应力较大且以水平构造应力为主,隧道开挖过程中出现严重的大变形情况。通过分析,认为高地应力、最大水平主应力与隧道轴线呈大角度相交是大变形的主要因素。隧道施工过程中,通过采取提高支护体系刚度、合理预留变形量,以及采用长锚杆、多重支护和超短台阶法等常规措施控制了围岩变形;基于对围岩动态演化机制的认识,提出了高地应力隧道超前导洞法应力控制释放技术,开展了大型工程试验。阶段性试验成果表明,采用超前导洞有效地降低了正洞施工时的变形速率,对上中台阶影响尤为显著。通过对应力控制释放技术研究的进一步深化,有望探索出安全、高效的高地应力软岩施工新技术。 相似文献
88.
上下重叠盾构隧道设计施工关键技术 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文章结合深圳地铁2号线大剧院站至湖贝站上下重叠小净距盾构区间隧道工程实例,针对重叠盾构隧道的施工关键问题,进行了受力分析,提出下洞采取钢管支撑的施工技术措施,并通过实测进行了验证,为后续项目提供了经验。 相似文献
89.
90.
Manuel Gonzlez Luis Ferrer Adolfo Uriarte Agurtzane Urtizberea Ainhoa Caballero 《Journal of Marine Systems》2008,72(1-4):178
This contribution describes the procedure used during the Prestige oil-spillage event, by means of an Operational Oceanography System, and the behaviour of the present prediction tools (hydrodynamic and dispersion models) applied to it. The accuracy of these tools is estimated by a reanalysis of field data transmitted by a sea surface drifting buoy, released at the time of the oil spill. The numerical models applied were the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), fed by the available six-hourly NCEP atmospheric information, together with a Lagrangian Particle-Tracking Model (LPTM). ROMS has been used to estimate the current fields for the Bay of Biscay, whilst the LPTM has provided the oil spill trajectories. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the numerical models depends upon the quality of the meteorological input data. In this case, the current fields at the sea surface, derived by ROMS, have been underestimated by the wind fields of the NCEP reanalysis data. An efficient calibration of these wind fields, with data provided by the Gascony buoy (fixed oceanic and atmospheric station), achieves more realistic looking results; this is reflected in the comparison between the buoy trajectory predicted numerically and the tracked movements of the drifting buoy. 相似文献