KZ1型控制阀仿真模型及列车制动性能仿真研究

根据空气流动理论和KZ1型控制阀(KZ1阀)的工作原理,建立使用KZ1阀的列车空气制动系统仿真模型,并开发相应的列车空气制动仿真系统,对KZ1阀置于快速及普通位时单车的制动、缓解和紧急制动进行仿真。与试验结果对比表明,仿真模型能够较好地模拟单车制动性能。对KZ1阀应用于时速160 km快速货车的列车制动特性进行仿真分析可知,KZ1阀在快速位时的列车制动性能与104型控制阀接近,在普通位时与120型控制阀接近;KZ1阀在制动、紧急制动时性能较好,但是在缓解时波速过低,初步分析是由于副风缸容积过大所致。因此,使用KZ1阀的车辆与使用其他型号控制阀的车辆混编时,可能会发生缓解传播不连续的问题。     

铁路货场土壤重金属污染研究

铁路货场重金属矿石运输会对货场土壤造成污染,通过实验分析了铁路土壤污染状况,介绍了土壤污染的危害,对目前国内外的土壤修复技术进行了总结。根据铁路货场的实际情况,提出了铁路货场土壤重金属污染的修复方式。     

混合补偿治理电气化铁道谐波污染新方法

针对我国铁道电气化的谐波问题,提出了电气化铁道的谐波治理理论计算模型,构建了一种利用混合补偿进行牵引变电所谐波综合补偿的方案,在牵引变电所技改工程中采用无源滤波器与有源滤波器装置结合,组成混合补偿器,能保持较强的滤波能力。经过实践检验证实投资较少并且效果良好。     

不同还原过程空燃比大小对降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放的试验研究

运用自行开发设计的稀燃发动机电控系统和催化系统，对稀燃汽油机运用吸附还原催化法在不同的还原过程空燃比条件下降低NOx的排放进行了研究。试验结果表明，还原过程空燃比越小，吸附还原催化器吸附的NOx还原就越彻底，汽油机排出的NOx也越少。但稀燃汽油机的燃油消耗率增加，经济性变差。     

安全气囊气体发生器壳体精密成形方法的研究

论述了安全气囊气体发生器壳体的基本结构形式及其不同的成形方法。提出了流动控制成形力的计算公式、控制腔位置的判断准则及其形状和尺寸的设计方法。通过试验表明，所开发的流动控制成形技术可节约原材料、提高工作效率及产品质喇，具有显著的技术经济效益。     

车用LPG电控发动机排放控制的研究

文中所研究的LPG发动机电控系统综合利用了下列控制策略：基于步进电机步数的LPG燃料精确预控制与空燃比闭环控制；优化发动机起动后及暖机过程的空燃比控制；通过提高怠速及推迟点火的催化器快速起燃控制；通过氧传感器的加热以快速实现发动机起动后的空燃比闭环控制。并对1．8L汽油发动机进行了匹配试验，在兼顾发动机动力性及经济性的前提下有害气体排放达到欧Ⅱ法规的50％。     

空气罐控制输液管道水击研究

采用特征线法对瞬时关闭管道终端阀门 ,在安装和不安装空气罐两种状况时 ,管道压力的变化情况进行了数值模拟 ,并分析了空气罐初始容积、空气罐安装位置等参数对管道瞬态水击压力变化的影响 ,结果表明 :在输液管道的适当位置安装容积一定的空气罐能较好地控制水击的产生     

Correlation between automotive CO, HC, NO, and PM emission factors from on-road remote sensing: implications for inspection and maintenance programs

Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO) emission factors (EFs) are measured with a commercial vehicle emissions remote sensing system (VERSS) during a large-scale vehicle exhaust emissions study in Las Vegas. Particulate matter (PM) EFs are simultaneously measured for individual vehicles with a newly developed PM-VERSS based on ultraviolet backscatter light detection and ranging (Lidar). The effectiveness of CO and HC EFs as proxy for NO and PM EFs for spark-ignition vehicles is evaluated. Poor correlations were found between EFs for pollutants on an individual vehicle basis indicating that high EFs for one or more pollutants cannot be used as a predictor of high EFs for other pollutants. Stronger functional relationships became evident after averaging the EF data in bins based on rank-order of a single pollutant EF. Low overlap between the highest 10% emitters for CO, HC, NO, and PM was found. These results imply that for an effective reduction of the four pollutants, inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs, including clean screening, should measure all four pollutants individually. Fleet average CO and HC concentrations determined by gaseous VERSS were compared with fleet average CO and HC concentrations measured at low-idle and at high-idle during local I/M tests for spark-ignition vehicles. The fleet average CO concentrations measured by I/M tests at either idle were about half of those measured by remote sensing. The fleet average high-idle HC concentration measured by I/M tests was about half of that measured by VERSS while low-idle I/M and VERSS HC average concentrations were in better agreement. For a typical vehicle trip, most of the fuel is burned during non-idle conditions. I/M measurements collected during idling conditions may not be a good indicator of a vehicle’s potential to be a high emitter. VERSS measurements, when the vehicle is under a load, should more effectively identify high emitting vehicles that have a large contribution to the mobile emissions inventory.     

Toxic air pollutants and trucking productivity in the US

This paper introduces toxic air pollutants into the measurement of trucking productivity to obtain true productivity growth. Our results show that omitting or ignoring toxic air pollutants in measuring trucking productivity yields statistically significant biased productivity estimates in for 2002-2005. Trucking productivity growth was understated by the traditional productivity measure, because the latter did not account for reductions in truck air pollution over time. We also find that the difference between traditional and environmental efficiency scores was negligible, suggesting that environmental constraint did not distort efficiency in the trucking sector.     

Flying with climate liability? Economic valuation of voluntary carbon offsets using forced choices

This study aims to examine how key aspects of voluntary climate action influence economic values of aviation carbon offsets using an Australian case study, where voluntary carbon offset programs for the aviation sector were active under a carbon tax between July 01, 2012 and July 17, 2014. An online survey was administered during the period using choice experiments. This rare and short-lived Australian experience is useful to gain insights into how individuals respond to the new public policy in terms of the perceived economic value of voluntary offsets for air travel. According to the estimation results, supporters of the mandatory tax policy held a welfare value of voluntary carbon offsets for their domestic flights that is three times larger than non-supporters (i.e., $AU27.83 vs. $AU9.40). It is $AU12.27 on average per ton of carbon offsets per person for domestic flights and $AU0.92 for international long-haul flights. The findings endorse that individuals seem to attach personal responsibility for carbon emissions (i.e. climate liability or carbon conscience) to frequent domestic flights, but not so much to intercontinental flights. Furthermore, reported flight frequencies by respondents did not place any significant impact on economic values of voluntary carbon offsets in both domestic and international frameworks. A coupled approach between forced choices and certainty responses was adapted, where no-choice options were retrieved, potentially improving choice experiments. Results suggest that airlines should consider simplifying their carbon offset programs to fixed levels (e.g. £3, £10, and £20 as in the case of British Airways), regardless of geographical boundaries, while governments should promote both mandatory and voluntary climate measures in tandem.