Alternative Modeling Approaches Used for Examining Automobile Ownership: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Household vehicle ownership, and the associated dimensions including fleet size, vehicle type and usage, has been one of the most researched transport topics. This paper endeavors to provide a critical overview of the wide-ranging methodological approaches employed in vehicle ownership modeling depending on the ownership representation over the past two decades. The studies in the existing literature based on the vehicle ownership representation are classified as: exogenous static, exogenous dynamic, endogenous static and endogenous dynamic models. The methodological approaches applied range from simple linear regressions to complex econometrics formulations taking into account a rich set of covariates. In spite of the steady advancement and impressive evolution in terms of methodological approaches to examine the decision process, we identify complex issues that pose a formidable challenge to address the evolution of vehicle ownership in the coming years. Specifically, we discuss challenges with data availability and methodological framework selection. In light of these discussions, we provide a decision matrix for aiding researchers/practitioners in determining appropriate model frameworks for conducting vehicle ownership analysis.     

西宁至成都铁路引入西宁枢纽总图方案研究

通过对西宁铁路枢纽现状及存在问题进行分析,结合在建西宁站改及相关工程项目实施,以及枢纽内曹家堡物流中心、新建编组站研究情况,提出枢纽总图布局构想。按照充分利用既有设施,点线能力协调,列车径路顺畅,客货运设施布局合理及适应城市总体发展规划要求的原则,针对西宁至成都铁路引入西宁铁路枢纽方案,根据接轨点及枢纽编组站设置位置的不同共研究了4种方案,并对方案进行综合经济技术比较,最终推荐采用高速引入海东西站,普速引入平安驿站,新设曹家堡编组站方案。     

基于功能损伤的复杂电磁环境下炮兵目标毁伤评估

为适应复杂电磁环境，提高炮兵指挥员“科学决策，量敌用兵”的水平，依据目标在复杂电磁环境下的特点，综合利用了指数法和D-S理论等方法，分别对典型目标、电磁敏感目标和系统目标进行了功能损伤性毁伤评估。     

Identification of potential sites for deep-ocean waste isolation with a geographic site-selection model

Identification of optimal sites for the isolation of waste on the abyssal seafloor was performed with two approaches: by the traditional method of map overlays of relevant attributes, and by a specially developed, automated Site-Selection Model (SSM). Five initial, Surrogate Sites, identified with the map-overlay approach, were then compared with the more rigorously produced scores from the SSM. The SSM, a process for optimization of site locations, accepts subjective, expert-based judgments and transforms them into a quantitative, reproducible, and documented product. The SSM is adaptable to any siting scenario. Forty-one factors relevant to the isolation scenario, including 21 weightable factors having a total of 123 scorable categories, have been entered into the SSM. Factors are grouped under project definition, unique environments, anthropogenic, geologic, biologic, weather, oceanographic and distance criteria. The factor scores are linked to a georeferenced database array of all factors, corresponding to 1°×1° latitude–longitude squares. The SSM includes a total of 2241 one-degree squares within 1000 n.m. of the U.S. coasts, including the western North Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the eastern North Pacific. Under a carefully weighted and scored scenario of isolation, the most favorable sites identified with the SSM are on the Hatteras and Nares Abyssal Plains in the Atlantic. High-scoring sites are also located in the Pacific abyssal hills province between the Murray and Molokai Fracture Zones. Acceptable 1° squares in the Gulf of Mexico are few and of lower quality, with the optimum location on the northern Sigsbee Abyssal Plain. Two of the five Surrogate Site locations, on the Hatteras and Sigsbee Abyssal Plains, correspond to the best SSM sites in each ocean area. Two Pacific and a second Atlantic Surrogate Site are located in low-scoring regions or excluded by the SSM. Site-selection results from the SSM, although robust, are an initial attempt to quantify the site-selection process. The SSM database exposes a significant lack of high-quality information for many areally mappable attributes on the abyssal seafloor, particularly bottom-current speed and measures of biologic productivity and flux. Terminologies and classifications of some measures, such as sediment types, suffer from parochialism and vary by ocean. Considerable research is needed even for a broad understanding of the environmental measures required to make sound societal decisions about use of the abyssal seafloor for disposal or other purposes.     

南河综合整治工程设计浅析

通过分析南京市南河综合整治工程设计,初探城市河道水环境综合整治设计思路和一些重难点问题的解决方案,以期为其他类似工程提供借鉴和参考.     

电磁环境船模预测技术的误差分析研究

基于缩比船模原理,从模型限制误差、方法误差和问题本身的误差等方面分析电磁环境船模预测技术的主要误差源,并在此基础上分别论述上述误差源对电磁环境预测精度产生的影响.可以有针对性地采取相应措施控制误差,以更好地获取逼近于实船的电磁环境分布特性.     

地下工程建设对城市地下水环境的影响分析

研究目的：研究地下工程在施工和运营的过程中对地下水环境的影响，为地下工程的建设规划及地下水环境保护提供科学依据。研究结果：在总结地下工程建设对地下水环境影响基础上，以西安市城市轨道交通2号线为例，利用经验公式计算施工期车站基坑降水对地下水的影响，并采用数值模拟的方法预测地铁运营后对地下水流场的影响。地铁施工期的基坑降水只发生在张家堡站，中心水位下降6．3m，降水量为10454．15m^3／d，影响半径441m，对地下水流将产生一定的影响；地铁建成运营以后的地铁线路阻挡了地下水的径流，造成“迎水面”水位壅高，“背水面”水位降低，通过模拟水位变幅在0～1．7m。     

大型ORACLE数据库系统的优化设计方案

ORACLE数据库技术在各类船舶管理系统中应用广泛,提供综合的船舶管理、人事管理、设备管理、交易管理、保养管理以及故障查询分析等各种业务应用,以保障船舶行驶安全,降低事故发生率、提高企业管理水平、提高服务水平、加强管理力度、增加管理效率,减少人力、物力、财力上的浪费.本文主要从大型数据库ORACLE环境4个不同级别(操作系统级包括硬件平台、ORACLE关系管理系统级、数据库系统设计级、数据库开发范畴的结构化查询语句分析级)的调整分析入手,分析ORACLE的系统结构和数据存取工作机理,从9个方面分析ORACLE数据库的优化调整方案.     

《国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约》制定进展与对我国的影响分析

文中分析了《国际安全与环境无害化拆船公约草案》的制定背景与进展，简要介绍了公约的内容与基本要求，介绍了国内拆船业的现状，在此基础上分析了公约生效后对我国相关行业可能产生的影响，并提出了我国在公约后续制定过程中所应采取的态度建议。     

Host specificity in copepod parasites of deep-sea fishes

Parasitic copepods belonging to two orders, Siphonostomatoida and Poecilostomatoida, are frequently reported from fish hosts in the deep sea. Three families of copepods are most commonly encountered, Sphyriidae, Lernaeopodidae and Chondracanthidae, but members of another four families, Hatschekiidae, Pennellidae, Philichthyidae and Hyponeoidae, are occasionally recorded. These parasites utilise various deep demersal fishes as hosts, especially species of the most abundant families, Macrouridae, Moridae, Synaphobranchidae and Alepocephalidae. Host specificity levels are variable, as for shallow-water fishes. In contrast, few parasites are regularly reported from fishes inhabiting the pelagic water column away from the bottom and away from the near-surface zone. Only the pennellids Sarcotretes scopeli and Cardiodectes medusaeus appear common on pelagic fishes, in the Atlantic and Pacific respectively. Host specificity levels in these two pennellid species are relatively low. It is speculated that the difficulty of encountering a host in the vast pelagic biome has restricted the diversity of parasitic copepods that have successfully colonized pelagic fishes.