简述汽车行人保护的现状与发展方向

近年来汽车碰撞安全的发展一日千里。但相对于日臻完善乘员保护研究,对行人的保护在过去并没有受到同等的重视。为此,欧洲自2005年开始把行人保护要求视为车辆设计必须考虑的因素。本文将从各个方面简要介绍汽车工业在行人保护上的发展现状,面临的挑战及未来可能的发展方向。     

Modifying pedestrian behaviour

The paper reports on research using a new type of pedestrian waiting countdown timer to influence pedestrian behaviour at signalised pedestrian crossings in Dublin. The aim was to evaluate the impact of the timers on pedestrian crossing behaviour and in particular to see if it had any impact on the number of illegal crossings (during red man––do not walk signal). The timers inform the pedestrian how many seconds they have to wait until the green man appears. Two surveys were used to evaluate the impact: an attitude survey to evaluate the perception of the users and a video survey to estimate quantitatively the impacts on pedestrian behaviour but also to evaluate the awareness levels of the pedestrians towards the countdown timers. Some of the results include observance of more compliant behaviour by females and that pedestrians tend to overestimate their waiting time. Before the timers were installed 65% of pedestrians started to cross during the green man and amber phases but this rose to 76% after the timers were installed.     

基于模糊物元模型的战时道路通行方案优选

战时道路通行方案优选是机动工程保障方案决策的关键一环。针对战时道路通行方案包含多种技术因素和具有不确定性的特点,从道路的基本通行能力、伪装防护能力、抗打击能力、快速恢复能力4个角度出发,综合考虑影响道路通行方案的定性指标与定量指标,选取道路线型、遮蔽物、路基抗打击能力、路面的修复等15个指标,建立了战时道路通行方案的模糊物元分析模型。在分析过程中,引用层次分析法求得指标权重,用方案中各项指标的评价值及相应的模糊数构造复合模糊物元矩阵,通过计算与标准模糊物元之间的欧式贴近度来实现方案的优劣排序。以某战场环境下的道路通行方案为例证明了该方法的可行性和有效性,为战时更好的选择路线实现快速机动提供决策依据。     

基于E—NCAP行人碰撞保护的发动机罩设计

行人头部碰撞保护一直是汽车行人安全设计的难点,随着E—NCAP对行人保护要求的不断提高,头部保护的得分比重对于获得高星级评价至关重要。文章基于某车型E—NCAPV6．2五星性能开发,采用虚拟仿真与试验测试有效结合的方法,对发动机罩进行了优化设计,提出了一种有利于行人头部碰撞保护的发动机罩。改进前后测试成绩的对比分析表明,该结构可极大优化行人头部碰撞保护效果,使发动机罩头部测试区域得分总分提升至24．43分,满足E—NCAPV6．2五星行人保护性能要求。可为后续设计提供参考,具有很高的推广价值。     

Socio-ecological Mobility: A Research Strategy for a New Coastline

Abstract

Persistent development, population pressures, and increasing natural hazards are unequivocally changing socio-ecological systems in the coastal zone. This essay provides direction and initiates scientific dialog on the potential role of mobility in adapting to natural and social changes in coastal environments. The essay identifies four key research areas on information needed to develop coastal management actions and policies that support and recognize socio-ecological coupling in coastal areas. The proposed research includes: (1) modeling localized scenarios that illustrate the tradeoffs associated with various sea level rise adaptation, (2) assessing and consolidating mobility terminology for different applications and contexts, (3) developing solutions to synchronize the co-migration of natural environments and built infrastructure, and (4) evaluating existing or creating new transparent, equitable, and sustainable policies and incentives to support socio-ecological mobility by using case studies and social science methods to understand how people make mobility decisions in different contexts.     

Comparisons of urban transport sustainability: Lessons from West and North Africa

The diagnosis for urban transport sustainability depends on the context of different regions worldwide. We focus in this paper on West and North Africa which reveal similarities but also structural differences which are explored further. The importance of paratransit in its various forms is strongly observed in sub-Saharan Africa and to a lesser extent in North Africa. The attempts to regulate and organise this sector have been difficult; one interesting experience in Dakar occurred during a programme of fleet renewal. In parallel it is observed that there are positive but insufficient experiences of public transport authorities in some cities (Dakar, Abidjan) and similar projects postponed in other cities because of the institutional problems. One also observes the constant difficulties of designing sustainable schemes for bus companies. An answer to this crisis has been found in North Africa, through investment in new mass transport systems. However, mass transport projects in West Africa are very weak in comparison. The gap between public transport costs and income levels there remains a major obstacle to sustainable mobility exacerbated by the poverty of a significant part of the urban population in West Africa. Two other critical factors are also identified affecting sustainable mobility requirements, namely, the urban sprawl and increasing energy costs. Finally the conclusion recommends the use of research and expertise networks in order to help the design and the implementation of suited solutions.     

错峰通勤对疾病传播的影响 ——以上海为例

为遏制疾病传播,错峰交通的政策被提出.本文旨在验证错峰通勤能否以及多大程度上能够发挥作用.以上海为例,基于手机数据反映人口实际通勤现状,用多代理人模拟方法模拟疾病的传播,考察不同错峰通勤策略的影响.研究发现：错峰通勤增强了人员流动性,反而会加快疾病的传播,错峰率越大,传播越快;早上班人群被感染的比例略低于晚上班人群;个人的通勤距离越长,家和工作地离市中心越近,越可能成为易感者和易播者.     

网约共享出行研究综述

网约共享出行是智慧城市交通系统的重要组成部分,作为新兴的移动互联出行方式,产生 了海量庞杂、异质多源、大尺度时空关联的交通大数据,蕴含能够描述复杂交通系统供需态势的 丰富信息。从网约共享出行行为机理、平台管理优化、政府监管政策、系统仿真优化等4个方面, 综述了国内外网约共享出行研究的基础理论前沿和交通运输管理实践成果,归纳总结了其中存 在的问题。通过移动互联交通大数据,分析网约车乘客和司机的出行行为影响因素、特征辨识及 外部性,追踪城市个体和群体的出行行为演变规律,揭示网约共享出行系统供需平衡和网络均衡 机理。研究解决网约共享出行供需的时空效应及短时预测问题,优化网约共享出行平台定价策 略,提高平台匹配和调度效率,实现供需时空资源的优化配置。利用智能体仿真、基于活动的仿 真、数据驱动的仿真等技术手段对理论结果进行模拟推演和优化验证,为政府制定相关监管政策 和平台优化运营管理策略提供理论依据和工具支持。并面向复杂动态移动互联环境,展望了亟 须开展的若干重点研究方向。     

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货运车辆行车途中能否有安全便利的休息站,关系到联邦关于司机工作时间规定的执行及高效的车队运营.由于货运车辆的激增,中途停车站能力短缺问题日益凸显.本研究开发了一个基于互联网的地理信息系统,用于从用户大范围收集停车位短缺的地理信息.为了分析这些停车紧张点的地理分布,采用了点聚合和排名的方法来发现停车问题最严重的地区.另外,提出一种沿公路方向的单测度的聚合方法.其基本思路是,停车问题不是一个单点问题,而是一个区域性问题.缓解停车紧张,可通过增加区域性停车能力.本文发现能力紧张的区域通常在大都市的郊区,反映出很多长途司机在此停车等待第二天往市区内送货的运作规律.研究结果与来自公路巡警方面的观察结果一致.