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51.
The paper reports on simulation experiments conducted by the International Study Group on Land‐Use/Transport Interaction (ISGLUTI) for the metropolitan region of Dortmund in the Federal Republic of Germany. Three land‐use/transport simulation models were applied to the Dortmund region: the DORTMUND model developed at the University of Dortmund, the LILT model being used at University College London and the MEPLAN package developed by Marcial Echenique & Partners in Cambridge. The three models are briefly characterized and their ex‐post forecasts are compared with the actual development of the region. The final section of the paper compares how the three models respond to a common set of assumptions and policies from the fields of land‐use control, traffic management and transport investment. The differences in model response give insights into the validity of the theoretical foundations and internal structure of the models. 相似文献
52.
As a means of transportation and as a form of physical activity, bicycling generates benefits to the bicyclist as well as
to the community as a whole. Bicycling now accounts for less than 1 percent of all trips for all purposes in the U.S., but
evidence from other western countries suggests that under the right conditions, bicycling levels can be significantly higher.
Indeed, the experiences of some U.S. cities suggest that it is possible to create conditions conducive to higher levels of
bicycling even in the U.S. However, the extent to which bicycle investments have contributed to bicycling levels in these
communities has not been rigorously assessed. The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the determinants
of bicycle ownership and use as a basis for identifying ways to promote bicycling. A cross-sectional study of six cities was
designed to test the importance of bicycle infrastructure and other physical environment factors relative to individual factors
and social environment factors, using a nested logit model to examine ownership and use decisions jointly. The results show
strong effects of individual attitudes and physical and social environment factors on bicycle ownership and use. 相似文献
53.
F. Payri A. J. Torregrosa A. Broatch L. Monelletta 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2009,10(6):761-769
Combustion noise in passenger cars powered with direct injection (DI) diesel engines is frequently the main reason why end-users
are reluctant to drive this type of vehicle. Thus, the great potential of diesel engines for environment preservation — due
to their lower CO2 emissions — could be missed. This situation worsens with the current design trends (engine downsizing) and the emerging new
diesel combustion concepts (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition-HCCI, Premixed Charge Compression Ignition-PCCI, etc.),
which are intrinsically noisy. This negative feature can be even more critical in transient operation due to the contribution
of the temporal changes of both source and transmission path on engine noise. Therefore, combustion noise must be considered
as an additional essential factor in engine development, together with performance, emissions and driveability. Thus, suitable
evaluation procedures that can be integrated into the global engine development process in a timely and cost-effective manner
are imperative. Regarding the evaluation procedures, most of the work available in the literature addressed combustion noise
at steady operation. To surpass this limitation, two possible approaches — adapted from the classical and multiple regression
methods — for the overall level assessment of combustion noise in transient conditions are evaluated in this paper. 相似文献
54.
55.
针对铁路5T系统(红外线轴温探测系统、货车运行状态地面安全监测系统、货车滚动轴承早期故障轨边声学诊断系统、货车运行故障动态图像检测系统、客车运行安全监控系统)中的监测数据传输冲突和数据堵塞问题,以各种类型监测数据所反映出的安全程度为依据,建立5T系统信息模型,应用消息队列技术设计基于消息的动态优先队列传输流程,在量化优先因子影响因素的基础上建立基于数据类型、预警等级、车型和车速的数据传输优先模型,将对优先因子的求解转化为对部分权重信息下多目标决策模型的求解,建立单目标优化模型以求解优先模型中未确定的权重向量,根据求解得到的优先因子按照优先队列调整步骤进行传输队列调整.对据此开发的监测数据传输原型系统实验结果表明,所提出的技术方案可行且有效. 相似文献
56.
T.J. Andersen L.C. Lund-Hansen M. Pejrup K.T. Jensen K.N. Mouritsen 《Journal of Marine Systems》2005,55(3-4):123-138
This study was carried out to describe the difference in erodibility and aggregation in a tidal basin including both subtidal and intertidal study sites and to use these results to explain the shifting erosion/deposition cycles at the sites. Erosion thresholds, erosion rates and settling velocities of the eroded material were measured at a mudflat transect and at sediment cores taken from a nearby tidal channel during surveys made in May 2000 and March 2002. Surface samples were analysed for grain-size, chl. a content, faecal pellet content, dry bulk density and organic content. Additionally, surface samples were taken at eight occasions in the period January 2002 to May 2003 from shallow tidal channels in the area. These samples were analysed for mud content and showed that major shifts in sediment distribution occurred in the period. The erodibility of the mudflat was generally high due to pelletization by the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae but close to the salt marsh much lower erodibility was found, probably due to stabilisation by microphytobenthos. In contrast, the erodibility of the channel bed seemed to be very little influenced by biological activity and the relatively low erodibility found here was caused by physical characteristics of the sediment. The sediment eroded from the mudflat was generally strongly pelletized and showed high settling velocities whereas less aggregation and lower settling velocities were found for the channel bed sediments. Temporal variations of the mudflat stability and hydrodynamics resulted in temporal variations of deposition and erosion and the changing stability at the mudflat is likely to be one of the main reasons for a general transport of fine-grained sediment from the mudflat to the channel in the cold seasons and vice versa during the rest of the year. 相似文献
57.
Terry L. Friesz 《Transportation Research Part B: Methodological》1981,15(5):361-369
This paper presents a model for combined multiclass trip distribution, trip assignment and modal split. Although this model is based on an equivalent optimization problem, it avoids the symmetry restrictions heretofore always associated with such approaches to multiclass trip assignment. This is accomplished by expressing Wardrop's first principle as a set of nonlinear constraints in standard mathematical programming form. An algorithm is proposed, each iteration of which requires solving a nonlinear program with linear constraints. 相似文献
58.
This article presents a study on the accuracy of the numerical determination of the friction and pressure resistance coefficients
of ship hulls. The investigation was carried out for the KVLCC2 tanker at model- and full-scale Reynolds numbers. Gravity
waves were neglected, i.e., we adopted the so-called double-model flow. Single-block grids with H–O topology were adopted
for all the calculations. Three eddy viscosity models were employed: the one-equation eddy viscosity and the two-equation
L $$" align="middle" border="0"> models proposed by Menter and the TNT version of the two-equation k-ω model. Verification exercises were performed in sets of nearly geometrically similar grids with different densities in the
streamwise, normal, and girthwise directions. The friction and pressure resistance coefficients were calculated for different
levels of the iterative error and for computational domains of different size. The results show that on the level of grid
refinement used, it is possible to calculate the viscous resistance coefficients in H–O grids that do not match the ship contour
with a numerical uncertainty of less than 1%. The differences between the predictions of different turbulence models were
larger than the numerical uncertainty; however, these differences tended to decrease with increases in the Reynolds number.
The pressure resistance was remarkably sensitive to domain size and far-field boundary conditions. Either a large domain or
the application of a viscous–inviscid interaction procedure is needed for reliable results.
This work was presented in part at the International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering—MARINE 2007,
Barcelona, June 3–4, 2007. 相似文献
59.
Spatial fisheries ecology: Recent progress and future prospects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
L. Ciannelli P. Fauchald K.S. Chan V.N. Agostini G.E. Dingsr 《Journal of Marine Systems》2008,71(3-4):223
We review recent progresses made in the study of fish distribution and survival over space — i.e., fisheries spatial ecology. This is achieved by first surveying the most common statistical approaches and relative challenges associated with the analysis of fisheries spatial data, loosely grouped in geostatistical and regression approaches. Then we review a selected number of case-studies implementing the discussed techniques. We conclude by proposing new areas of statistical and ecological research to further our understanding of how fish distribute and survive in space. This review serves a dual purpose by emphasizing the scientific importance of studying spatial interactions to better understand the temporal dynamics of fish abundance, and by promoting the development of new analytical and ecological approaches for the analysis of spatial data. Through our survey we cover different statistical techniques, marine ecosystems and life stages. This analytical, geographic and ontogenetic variety is also purposely selected to highlight the importance of comparative and multidisciplinary studies across diverging ecological disciplines, ecosystems and life stages. Besides having a general ecological relevance this review also bears a more applied significance, owing to the increasing need for protecting renewable marine resources along with their primary habitat. 相似文献
60.