Maritime accident investigation and temporal determinants of maritime accidents: A case study

This paper presents the results of an investigation into temporal determinants of maritime accidents based on a data-set obtained from the proceedings of formal inquiries in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). The results show that there is no statistically significant outcome between the probability for an accident and the time of watch. Thus the results do not confirm previous studies, which reported significant time of day effects.The outcome of this study indicates that marine inquiries can provide useful data for an analysis of underlying causes of maritime accidents. It is suggested that accident inquiries should be extended into the area of watch systems employed and should record the hours of work and of rest of the officers on the watch involved in a maritime accident.     

轿车前部结构参数对儿童头部损伤影响分析

在轿车-行人碰撞事故中,影响行人头部损伤的车辆前部结构参数主要有:保险杠中心离地高度、保险杠宽度和伸出长度、发动机盖前缘高度及发动机盖倾斜角等.文中首先建立了儿童行人的仿真模型,并利用事故重建验证了仿真模型的可靠性;接着采用正交试验分析了上述参数对儿童头部伤害指数的影响;最后将所得结果和成年行人头部损伤的相关指数进行比较.结果表明,前部结构参数对儿童头部损伤的影响比成人的大,其中发动机盖前缘高度对儿童行人头部伤害的影响最为显著.     

采用轮缘润滑装置降低轨道磨损

自从有了轨道交通后,轨道的磨损导致巨大的耗费就成了大问题.实践经验表明,轨道并非可无限制使用,磨损到一定程度后就必须更换,否则就会导致列车出轨,严重时会酿成灾难性事故.在蒸汽机车刚开始运行的时代,轨道的磨损就已经很严重了,随着电力机车和内燃机车投入应用,轨道的磨损愈加严重.这是因为相比较蒸汽机车的蒸汽机排放的蒸汽含油,喷出后会有精细油膜沉落到轨道上——虽然这些油膜还不足以解决过度的磨损问题,但磨损状况可有所改观。