菲奥娜·班纳 直入云霄

两架战斗机被摆放在了伦敦杜英画廊的古典艺术品展厅里,菲奥娜·班纳受到英国泰特美术馆的邀请,设计了上述项目。班纳是"英国年轻艺术家"一代中的创始成员,她的这项最新的艺术展品的主角是两架来自皇家英国空军的退役战斗机:一架是"美洲虎"超音速战斗机,一架是可以垂直起落的"鹞"式战斗机。这两架飞机解体后,被运入这家圆形的新古典主义画廊,重新拼装后,被摆成了怪异的状态,并进行了巧妙的改装。     

Network effects of intelligent speed adaptation systems

Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) systems use in-vehicle electronic devices to enable the speed of vehicles to be regulated automatically. They are increasingly appreciated as a flexible method for speed management and control particularly in urban areas. On-road trials using a small numbers of ISA equipped vehicles have been carried out in Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. This paper describes the developments made to enhance a traffic microsimulation model in order to represent ISA implemented across a network and the impact of this on the networks. The simulation modelling of the control system is carried out on a real-world urban network, and the impacts on traffic congestion, speed distribution and the environment assessed. The results show that ISA systems are more effective in less congested traffic conditions. Momentary high speeds in traffic are effectively suppressed, resulting in a reduction in speed variation which is likely to have a beneficial impact on safety. Whilst ISA reduces excessive traffic speeds in the network, it does not affect average journey times. In particular, the total vehicle-hours travelling at speeds below 10 km/hr have not changed, indicating that the speed control had not induced more slow-moving queues to the network. A statistically significant, eight percent, reduction in fuel consumption was found with full ISA penetration. These results are in accordance with those from field trials and they provide the basis for cost-benefit analyses on introducing ISA into the vehicle fleet. However, contrary to earlier findings from the Swedish ISA road trials, this study suggested that ISA is likely to have no significant effect on emission of gaseous pollutants CO, NO_x and HC.