Using a k-means clustering algorithm to examine patterns of pedestrian involved crashes in Honolulu,Hawaii

The purpose of this paper is twofold: 1) to describe a statistical technique known as K-means clustering in term of its advantages and disadvantages in safety research; and, 2) to use this method to analyze spatial patterns of pedestrian-involved crashes in Honolulu. K-means, a partitioning clustering technique, provides a powerful tool for analyzing and visualizing spatial patterns. While there are other techniques, one of the advantages of the K-means approach is that it is a well established technique that has been used for many different applications other than traffic safety. In this paper, we compare it to hierarchical clustering techniques and suggest that both are useful in the arsenal of spatial analytic tools for safety research.     

Outsourcing rural school transportation: A Brazilian handbook for practice at the municipal level

In Brazil, Rural School Transportation (RST) falls under the responsibility of state and municipal governments. However, there are no clear rules to guide the provision of this essential service. RST in Brazil is characterised by inefficient contracting practices, poor service control by school administration, and lack of legal instruments to penalise poor services, thus allowing operators to run services according to their own commercial criteria. In addition, payment is low, leading to the employment of old vehicles, lack of safety equipment, and non-convenient routes, among other aspects. As a result, school children provided with this service are subject to long travel time over large distances, and irregular and late services, coupled with poorly maintained roads. When children finally arrive at school they are tired, which often negatively affects their school performance and attendance, contributing to early school drop-out. In order to contribute to the improvement of school transportation quality, state and municipal authorities must develop the required organisational, planning, and regulatory skills. Accordingly, this article addresses the elements and the structure of a handbook that is being elaborated for local governments.