基于碰撞试验的远端乘员保护研究

侧面碰撞是一种常见的交通事故形式,碰撞近端和远端都会出现大量的人员伤亡。以往的研究多集中于近端碰撞侧,对远端非侧碰撞侧的研究相对不足。Euro NCAP自2020年起将FARSIDE测试纳入评价范围,主要通过两个滑台试验,对远端假人伤害和侧向偏移进行评价。文章对FAR-SIDE测试的试验方法和评价标准进行解析,并通过进行滑台试验、分析试验中假人运动和伤害过程,对远端碰撞乘员保护进行了研究。     

Experience as a conditioning effect on choice: Does it matter whether it is exogenous or endogenous?

Previous choice studies have proposed a way to condition the utility of each alternative in a choice set on experience with the alternatives accumulated over previous periods, defined either as a mode used or not in a most recent trip, or the mode chosen in their most recent trip and the number of similar one-way trips made during the last week. The paper found that the overall statistical performance of the mixed logit model improved significantly, suggesting that this conditioning idea has merit. Experience was treated as an exogenous influence linked to the scale of the random component, and to that extent it captures some amount of the heterogeneity in unobserved effects, purging them of potential endogeneity. The current paper continues to investigate the matter of endogeneity versus exogeneity. The proposed approach implements the control function method through the experience conditioning feature in a choice model. We develop two choice models, both using stated preference data. The paper extends the received contribution in that we allow for the endogenous variable to have an impact on the attributes through a two stage method, called the Multiple Indicator Solution, originally implemented in a different context and for a single (quality) attribute, in which stage two is the popular control function method. In the first stage, the entire utility expression associated with all observed attributes is conditioned on the prior experience with an alternative. Hence, we are capturing possible correlates associated with each and every attribute and not just one selected attribute. We find evidence of potential endogeneity. The purging exercise however, results in both statistical similarities and differences in time and cost choice elasticities and mean estimates of the value of travel time savings. We are able to identify a very practical method to correct for possible endogeneity under experience conditioning that will encourage researchers and practitioners to use such an approach in more advanced non-linear discrete choice models as a matter of routine.

     

高铁枢纽建设与城市功能空间协同发展效率评价

随着我国高铁迅速发展,高铁建设如何与城市功能空间协同发展的问题引起广泛关注。为了评价高铁与城市协同发展的效率,本文从城市协同性、高铁枢纽建设、站城距离等角度,构建高铁枢纽建设与城市功能空间协同发展效率评价指标体系。并引入DEA模型进行分析计算其效率匹配度,为城市既有高铁站与城市协同发展程度提供依据。最后以京沪高铁为案例分析了24个车站与所在城市的协同关系效率值,结果表明,北京南站、上海虹桥站等高铁枢纽发展较好,常州北站、苏州北站、天津南站等较差,尤其是天津南站的通过能力、客流量等产出指标还需要进一步加强。     

扣件胶垫黏弹性对铁路箱梁振动与结构噪声的影响

以高速铁路WJ-7B型扣件胶垫为研究对象，通过动态力学性能试验测试了扣件胶垫在不同温度下的动力性能；结合温频等效原理、Williams-Landel-Ferry方程和高阶分数导数FVMP模型表征了扣件胶垫的黏弹性力学特性；将该模型代入建立的桥梁振动与结构噪声预测有限元-边界元模型，并与Kelvin-Vogit模型对比来分析扣件胶垫黏弹性对箱梁振动和结构噪声的影响。研究结果表明:扣件胶垫黏弹性表现为动参数的温频变特性，刚度与频率正相关，与温度负相关，阻尼与频率和温度均负相关，阻尼在1~100 Hz内变化明显，在100 Hz以上变化较小；扣件动参数测试值与高阶分数导数FVMP模型拟合值吻合良好，采用高阶分数导数FVMP模型可以准确描述扣件在宽温宽频下的动态黏弹性力学行为；仅考虑扣件胶垫频变特性时，桥梁在25~63 Hz振动加剧，在80~200 Hz振动减弱，在峰值频率63 Hz处顶板、腹板和底板的加速度振级分别增大5.62、0.91和2.94 dB，桥梁横桥向各板垂向近场点和梁底下方靠近地面处声辐射明显增大；同时考虑扣件胶垫温变与频变特性时，随着温度的降低，桥梁在31.5~50.0 Hz振动不断减小，在63~200 Hz振动不断增大，桥梁横桥向在顶板斜上方、腹板和底板垂向近场点和梁底下方靠近地面处声辐射减小，温度从20 ℃降到-20 ℃时，总体声压级最大降低了2 dB左右；忽略扣件胶垫黏弹性会导致桥梁振动和结构噪声预测产生偏差，仿真分析时应考虑扣件胶垫的黏弹性，以提高预测的准确性。      

一种“效率-公平-运力”多维权衡的需求可拆分配送方法

针对自然灾害及重大社会公共事件等各类突发事件的配送问题，本文以公路运输为研究场景，将配送时间最短、加权时间攀比值最小和使用车辆数最少为多维目标，在引入需求可拆分这一限制条件的基础上，构建“效率-公平-运力”多维权衡的需求可拆分应急物资配送模型。针对该问题设计改进的蚁群算法求解模型。从选择拆分点、信息素更新和引入变邻域搜索算子这3个方面改进了算法，并实现当解持续不变时，初始化信息素，以增加随机性。结果表明，与传统求解算法相比，改进算法的稳定性更高(平均偏差率降低7.00%)，寻优性更好(优化率提高7.41%)。 通过分析考虑三目标、双目标和决策者具有明显偏好的多重场景下的求解结果得知：效率、公平、 运力这3个子目标相互悖反，增加运力投入可以显著提高配送方案的效率与公平；当运力不变时，效率与公平之间近似呈同比例反比关系。研究结论可为救灾目标不确定条件下多因素考量的应急物资配送决策生成与优化问题提供方法改进与可量化决策支撑。