美国水道港口疏浚物的处理管理与利用

为维护发达的水运系统,美国每年从水道港口水域中疏浚2.0亿m3左右的沉积物,由此引发的巨量疏浚物处置问题并不亚于我国。从疏浚物的处理现状出发,总结美国在疏浚物管理机制和处理技术等方面的主要进展,分析疏浚物的有益利用及其工程案例。调查表明,美国疏浚物管理体系权责清晰,美国陆军工程兵团(USACE)和环境保护署(USEPA)在疏浚物处置管理过程中扮演了重要角色,疏浚物多数以栖息地营造、湿地修复、海滩养护、农业和水产养殖等多种方式得到有益利用。我国目前正处在疏浚土有益利用的研究和探索阶段,美国疏浚物处置管理的成功经验值得借鉴。     

国外公路工程标准的法律地位研究

公路工程标准的法律地位是近年来公路工程标准化工作者和一些司法人士热议的问题之一.鉴于此,通过分析美国、日本、欧盟等国家和组织的技术标准和技术法规之间的关系,介绍国外公路工程相关法律法规体系,探讨公路工程标准的法律地位,可为我国公路工程行业标准规范的管理提供参考.     

The relevance of international transport costs on food prices: Endogenous and exogenous effects

The paper addresses the problem of transport costs and their influence on food prices for South American imports. While transport does not seem to be in the focus of existing analyses, its impact on food prices might be underestimated and even closely linked to the development of commonly mentioned drivers of food prices. Since transport price formation is a function of demand and supply, drivers of food prices are also expected to impact on transport prices. The authors argue that a number of relevant factors that drive transport costs - and in consequence food prices - can be influenced by policy makers. Based on empirical analysis, the authors explain the functioning of the determinants of transport costs in the segment of international shipping, trying to describe their exogenous and endogenous components. These results are discussed in reference to policy development in the region.     

北美地区沥青混合料离析问题研究概述

主要介绍了北美地区沥青混合料离析的一些研究成果,详细叙述了离析对沥青混合料性能的影响,重点分析了路面离析的各种无损检测方法的适用范围和优缺点,并指出各地区应根据这些优缺点选择合适的检测方法,有效地检测沥青混合料离析现象,从而提高沥青混凝土路面质量。     

Establishing and Managing Jurisdiction-wide Traffic Monitoring Systems: North American Experiences

With the rapid motorization process in China, an increasingly complicated highway transportation system has been developed. Reliable national and provincial traffic monitoring systems are becoming necessary. A review of experiences from developed countries in North America can be helpful for highway administrations and agencies to design and implement effective and efficient traffic monitoring systems. Highway agencies in North America have over time developed “standard” traffic monitoring systems based on guidelines from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The common practices are adopted based on the analysis of system accuracy, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. The common practices can produce equivalent and comparable traffic summary statistics, which are able to support sensible decision-makings of all aspects of highway transportation. The experiences of highway agencies, current practices, and related guidelines in North America are therefore presented at first. The principles for guiding development and operation of traffic data programs are then summarized and reviewed. The existing problems and active research for traffic monitoring practices and standards are also identified and discussed. It is believed that the reviewed experiences, guidelines, and principles will be helpful for China to establish effective and common-practice based “standard” traffic monitoring systems.     

轨道客车碰撞后检查和数据分析

介绍了轨道客车碰撞试验,以及事后调查分析文件和数据分析过程.     

Incentives in Bus Concession Contracts: A Review of Several Experiences in Latin America

Abstract

This paper reviews the incentive structure of concession contracts in several Latin American transit reforms. It also presents a conceptual analysis of the optimal design of concession contracts. The conceptual discussion and case studies reviewed indicate that payment to operators should be linked to operational variables and that some demand risk should optimally be transferred to operators. Performance standards linked to fines and penalties are not sufficient to guarantee good quality of service, particularly in citywide reforms and where institutional capacity ― in terms of size, experience and expertise of staff ― is lacking and regulatory processes are slow, bureaucratic and cumbersome. This review may be useful for policy-makers designing transit reforms in other countries. The policy lessons of the paper are particularly relevant to cities in the developing world but they are also important for reforms in other countries.     

美国公共交通标准化经验及其启示

介绍了美国公共交通标准化制定机构和现有的公共交通标准化体系。通过美国现有的公共交通标准化体系与我国的公共交通标准化体系的比较分析,发现我国的公共交通标准化体系在安全、节能减排与城市设计、采购、培训这四个方面存在着明显的欠缺。由此反映出我国的公共交通标准化工作相对滞后,还不能适应新形势下城市公共交通发展的需要。进而提出了对我国公共交通标准化工作的两点启示和建议,包括完善公共交通标准体系、研究和采用国际和国外的先进标准。     

中美教育理念的对比分析

面对一个全球化的新经济时代,随着社会、经济、政治、文化、科学技术的快速发展,人们越来越深刻地感受到教育的潜在作用力。世界许多国家纷纷研究其他国家的教育优势来弥补本国教育的不足。教育改革成为一种时代的趋势。中美两国的教育有着极为不同的传统,中国的教育注重对知识的积累和灌输,注重培养学生对知识和权威的尊重,注重对知识的掌握和继承,以及知识体系的构建。相比较,美国则更注重培养学生运用知识的实际能力,注重培养学生对知识和权威的质疑、批判精神,注重对知识的拓展和创造。这两种教育表达了对待知识的不同态度。中国的教育表达的是对知识的静态接受,美国的教育则表达的是对知识的动态改变,这一＂静＂一＂动＂之间,反映了两国教育不同的知识观。     

北美小汽车共用的发展状况

小汽车共用作为一种比较有积极意义的交通方式,在欧洲及北美得到快速发展。从阐述小汽车共用基本概念开始,介绍了北美小汽车共用的发展状况,主要包括小汽车共用组织数量、会员和车辆的发展趋势、会员与车辆的比例、商业模式、现状和未来的人口市场及费用结构等,以期对我国发展小汽车共用提供一些有益的启示。