Mobile phone use while driving: public opinions on restrictions

This paper reviews two road-user surveys on the use of mobile phones on the road in Finland where the mobile phone ownership rate is highest in the world (70% in August 2000). From 1998 to 1999 the proportion of drivers that chose to use a mobile phone while driving rose from 56% to 68%, while the proportion of phone using drivers who experienced dangerous situations due to phone use rose from 44% to 50%. The proportion of drivers who used their phones in some way to benefit safety on the road remained at about 55%. The youngest, novice drivers had the highest level of phone usage of all age categories. Over 48% of the interviewees believed that the government should ban the use of hand-held mobile phones while driving, and another 27% believed that all types of mobile phone use should be banned while driving. Those drivers who used their phones the most each day were more likely to want some form of restrictions, than those who had lower usage. This is a strong message to the elected lawmakers and raises the problem of exactly how regulatory bodies would go about controlling the future growth of new driver support and non-driving related communication devices in road vehicles. It was concluded that legislating for hands-free use only would be a reasonable course of action. Mandating that the current generation of equipment should be optimized for hands-free use should result in future generations of in-vehicle equipment also being optimized for hands-free use as a minimum criterion.     

基于元胞自动机的高速铁路列车群追踪运行仿真模型

为分析高速铁路列车在追踪间隔缩小时的运行状态,根据准移动闭塞系统原理,设置列车区间运行和车站运行的演化规则,建立准移动闭塞条件下基于元胞自动机的列车群追踪运行仿真模型。利用元胞自动机对京沪高速铁路线路"上海虹桥—南京南"运行图中追踪运行的10列车进行建模仿真,分析仿真结果验证到达间隔时间是制约追踪间隔的瓶颈,并得出后行列车满足追踪间隔4 min或3 min的情况下,其运行速度不受前行列车的干扰。     

An improved cellular automaton with axis information for microscopic traffic simulation

Cellular Automaton (CA), an efficient dynamic modeling method that is widely used in traffic engineering, is newly introduced for traffic load modeling. This modeling method significantly addresses the modest traffic loads for long-span bridges. It does, however, require improvement to calculate precise load effects. This paper proposed an improved cellular automaton with axis information, defined as the Multi-axle Single-cell Cellular Automaton (MSCA), for the precise micro-simulation of random traffic loads on bridges. Four main ingredients of lattice, cells’ states, neighborhoods and transition rules are redefined in MSCA to generate microscopic vehicle sequences with detailed vehicle axle positions, user-defined cell sizes and time steps. The simulation methodology of MSCA is then proposed. Finally, MSCA is carefully calibrated and validated using site-specific WIM data. The results indicate: (1) the relative errors (REs) for the traffic parameters, such as volumes, speeds, weights, and headways, from MSCA are basically no more than ±10% of those of WIM data; (2) the load effects of three typical influence lines (ILs) with varied lengths of 50, 200 and 1000 m are also confidently comparable, both of which validate the rationality and precision of MSCA. Furthermore, the accurate vehicle parameters and gaps generated from MSCA can be applied not only for precise traffic loading on infrastructures but also for the accurate estimation of vehicle dynamics and safety. Hence, wide application of MSCA can potentially be expected.     

水泥混凝土路面出现蜂窝和麻面的原因及预防措施

混凝土的蜂窝和麻面问题严重危害了混凝土的结构性能和外观。对混凝土的蜂窝和麻面现象的原因进行探究,并提出具体的预防和解决措施,可促进施工质量达到相关规范、设计要求。     

信号倒计时影响下的进口道交通流分析与建模

为揭示信号倒计时对驾驶决策行为的影响,本文基于实测数据对信号控制进口道各断面的车速分布特征进行了分析,研究发现临近停车线处于不同断面位置的车辆行驶特性由于信号倒计时的有无及剩余绿灯时间的影响而存在差异.提出了考虑信号倒计时下驾驶心理的元胞自动机模型,通过数值模拟剖析了不同时空条件(位置、车速与剩余时间)下微观驾驶心理与行为对中观交通流的作用机理.结果表明,该模型可较好地刻画信号灯控制下城市进口道路车辆运行特性.     

交通大数据视角看广佛同城

广佛同城发展由来已久,是中国城市群中同城化程度最高的区域。简要分析广佛同城的交通基础设施发展演变历程,并基于模糊大数据(手机信令数据)和准确大数据(运行监测数据)对广佛通勤交通特征进行分析。结合手机信令数据对广州南站的客流组成及空间分布进行研究,对广州南站选址偏远问题进行解析。结果表明:广佛同城具有双向对等性的联系;地铁在同城化推进过程中起到重要的促进作用,拓展同城化活动范围;广州市机动车交通需求管理政策不够系统,非广佛车牌在通勤小汽车中比例超过40%,需要引起足够的关注;广州南站服务的客流中广州客流与佛山客流比为7:3,与对应的常住人口规模比例相当,初步实现了交通战略规划提出的共享理念。     

基于元胞理论的船厂码头移泊作业问题算法

为了解决大规模船厂的码头移泊作业问题，基于船舶移动路径具有过程演进的特性，建立了码头移泊作业问题的元胞数学模型。按照问题元胞模型的演进特性和演变规则，采用蚁群智能算法来对模型进行求解，并论证了该算法的收敛性。通过实例计算，其结果与船厂实际操作安排进行比较和分析，验证了该算法的有效性和优越性。     

基于交通流元胞自动机模型的车辆当量换算

将一维元胞自动机模型用于模拟周期性边界条件下高速公路的车流运动,用随机慢化FI模型对一定交通环境下车流的车速与密度之间的关系进行仿真分析。探讨了不同车型和车速对道路最大流量(最大通行能力)的影响。依据不同车型在同一道路上的不同通行能力,提出了一种不同车型车辆之间当量换算系数的确定方法。在模拟仿真过程中,考虑不同类型车辆的最大行驶速度及所占空间不同,仿真模型具有不同的参数。通过计算机模拟,得到不同车型的交通流基本图,根据相同道路条件下的最大流量值,给出了以通行能力作为基准时当量换算系数的计算公式。     

基于MSC与UPPAAL的高铁跨界临时限速建模与验证

临时限速服务器是高铁列控系统的重要组成部分,其不仅要校验CTC下发的临时限速命令,还要与相邻调度台临时限速服务器之间进行频繁的信息交互,因此对其安全性和实时性要求也更苛刻。为了满足高铁列控系统对其运行的要求,采用时间自动机理论和消息顺序图(MSC)相结合的方法,首先建立跨界临时限速命令的MSC模型和时间自动机子模型,再利用UPPAAL验证工具对形式化语法BNF描述的时间自动机子模型属性进行验证。根据仿真验证结果确认了跨界临时限速信息的安全性和受限活性,为进一步开发临时限速服务器功能提供了重要的依据。     

时变移动通信系统的二进制反馈功率控制算法

蜂窝系统功率控制算法，主要集中于固定信道情形，并且大多数算法都需要两个或多个比特功率控制命令．考虑信道增益是时变的蜂窝系统功率控制问题，提出了一个新的二进制反馈功率控制算法，此算法仅需要一个比特功率控制命令．在一定假设条件下，证明了每一用户的信干比收敛于一个由信干比的目标值与功率控制步长所决定的特定范围之内．仿真结果表明提出的算法是可行的，可以应用于实际的移动通信系统．