立交平做交通特性的微观仿真研究

立交平做作为一种交通组织方式。在城市道路交通管理实践中经常被运用。通过TSIS仿真实验，定量地研究了采用立交平做的信号交叉口的通行能力及其运行效果，进而探讨了立交平做的适用条件。     

高速公路收费广场车道合理化配置研究

为评估ETC使用率提升后对收费广场通行效率的影响，并提出合理车道配置方案，依托深圳机荷高速福民收费站车道布设和收费数据，建立包含跟驰和换道行为的收费广场交通行为模型，开发收费广场交通运行微观仿真平台。分别针对平、高峰时段，以ETC车道数及使用率为变量设计80组仿真方案，综合评价不同方案下收费广场通行效率。与实测结果的对比表明：仿真平台对平、高峰时段交通量误差仅为3.46%和6.45%，为收费广场车道配置仿真分析提供了准确、可靠的实验平台；未来ETC使用率提升至90%时，福民收费站最优车道配置方案为“4条ETC车道加 5条ETC/MTC混合车道”，此时高峰时段单车平均延误可降至2.93 s·veh-1，较目前的60.23 s·veh-1 降低95%。结合交通量、交通组成及ETC使用率开展收费广场车道合理化配置研究，可为收费广场设计、运营提供关键技术支撑。     

Investigating micro-simulation error in activity-based travel demand forecasting: a case study of the FEATHERS framework

Activity-based models of travel demand have received considerable attention in transportation planning and forecasting in recent years. However, in most cases they use a micro-simulation approach, thereby inevitably including a stochastic error that is caused by the statistical distributions of random components. As a consequence, running a transport micro-simulation model several times with the same input will generate different outputs, which baffles practitioners in applying such a model and in interpreting the results. A common approach is therefore to run the model multiple times and to use the average value of the results. The question then becomes: what is the minimum number of model runs required to reach a stable result? In this paper, systematic experiments are carried out using Forecasting Evolutionary Activity-Travel of Households and their Environmental RepercussionS (FEATHERS), an activity-based micro-simulation modelling framework currently implemented for the Flanders region of Belgium. Six levels of geographic detail are taken into account. Three travel indices – average daily activities per person, average daily trips per person and average daily distance travelled per person, as well as their corresponding segmentations – are calculated by running the model 100 times. The results show that the more disaggregated the level, the larger the number of model runs is needed to ensure confidence. Furthermore, based on the time-dependent origin-destination table derived from the model output, traffic assignment is performed by loading it onto the Flemish road network, and the total vehicle kilometres travelled in the whole Flanders are subsequently computed. The stable results at the Flanders level provides model users with confidence that application of FEATHERS at an aggregated level requires only limited model runs.     

基于Vissim仿真软件的交通组织方案研究

高速公路在改扩建作业过程中,必然对路段行车道有所侵占,形成分合流区段,而交通流发生紊乱往往就发生在分合流区段。本文以沪宁高速扩建无锡段桥梁施工为例,运用Vissim软件进行交通流微观仿真分析,对交通组织过程中最小施工路段间隔、中分带开口长度以及合流路段长度进行了研究,降低了因施工造成的对交通运行的影响。     

动态仿真技术在城轨交通车站设计中的应用

论述对城市轨道交通车站形式、规模及内部设施布局进行科学合理的设计,是提高车站客流集散效率和服务水平的前提.从乘客交通流的微观仿真理论出发,对比传统静态评价方法,利用计算机仿真技术,提出城市轨道交通车站设计及能力评价的动态仿真方法;通过对仿真结果进行数据分析,证明动态仿真方法对城市轨道交通车站设计及设施能力评价具有较好的适应性.     

行人交通微观仿真研究综述

简述了行人交通微观仿真研究意义、分类、发展现状,介绍了行人交通流的交通特性;以行人微观仿真开发流程为纲,阐述行人运动行为的研究内容以及相应的研究方法,并指出因计算理论和建模技术等各种条件制约下其尚存在的不足或研究空白之处,并对其未来发展的趋势进行了展望．     

Converting mixed pedestrian flows into equivalent commuters using standard pedestrian equivalent factors

This paper develops the concept of standard pedestrian equivalent (SPE) factors for converting a mixed pedestrian flow into an equivalent commuter flow. After a comprehensive review of passenger car equivalent (PCE) methodologies, the equal total travel time method is utilised for SPE estimation. A micro-simulation approach is employed for the formulation of the total travel time–flow relationship. Field data collected on walking speed distributions for commuters and older adults in Australia are used as model inputs. An independent samples t-test confirms the significant difference between walking speeds of commuters and older adults. For this paper, a unidirectional flow on flat walkways is initially considered and evaluated across proportions of older people, different flows and different walkway widths. The introduction of older adults significantly increases total travel time especially under congested conditions. Results of this investigation can be used for evaluation or design of pedestrian facilities experiencing similar flow conditions.     

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本论文从微观角度建模和仿真高密度下人群中个体的运动和受力，研究行人个体之间存在的压缩和变形，是非理想状态下的建模。本微观模型允许人们的身体在物理上更密切地接触，展示这种由于挤压力导致的人体一定的变形和压缩，及这种弹性变形与流动特点的互为影响关系，力求避免该类事故的一再发生。研究表明正是这种压缩和变形才导致了力在拥挤人群的传播和积聚，从而引发事故，目前很多的仿真软件不能揭示之所以在密度过大时容易失败，重要原因就之一是没有考虑人的受力，尤其是在高密度时力在人群中的传播。     

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本文分析了交通微观动态性和传统GHR模型、考虑延误的最优速度模型和智能驾驶员模型的动态特性。传统GHR模型区别于其它两个模型的根本特征在于其仅描述车辆跟驰状态的关系,而其余两个模型则可较好地反映具有很强相互作用时车辆间关系,如自由流和车辆从初始状态开始加速的阶段。结果表明：(1) 最优速度模型和智能驾驶员模型较传统GHR模型具有更好的完整性;(2) 现有的最优速度模型可能产生不符合实际的车辆相互作用;(3) 考虑实际延误的最优速度模型可产生稳定的车辆间相互作用;(4) 智能驾驶员模型还需进一步改进,尤其是应考虑驾驶员延误这一微观交通仿真中的重要因素;(5) 这三个模型可产生相似的动态特性。     

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在拥堵的高速公路上,合乘车辆（HOV）车道是一种高效环保的交通方式. 虽然HOV车道广受采纳,但该系统的利用效率受到质疑. 加州在全州范围内 采取了一项允许混合动力车辆使用HOV车 道的政策,以期通过鼓励驾驶员使用省油汽车来减少尾气排放,同时通过更有效地利用HOV车道的剩余通行能缓解交通拥挤. 加州橘县高速公路的路网用于研究 该政策的影响及有效性. 研究方法结合使用传统的规划模型来估计交通需求及校准的微观仿真模型来评价系统性能. 通过对系统整体性能、车道服务水平和空气质量 三方面的分析,结论表明此政策对在高峰时段没有剩余通行能力的HOV车道带来严重的负面影响. 为保证HOV车道服务质量不明显下降还能减少排放,该政策最多允许50 000辆在加州注册的混合动力车辆使用HOV车道.