考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的道路网静态交通流分配

为刻画拥堵空间排队与溢出现象对交通流分配的影响，提出考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的道路网静态交通流分配问题，并构建相关的求解算法，用于描述交通需求在起讫点移动过程中路网整体的宏观运行状态。首先，丰富和完善考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的静态交通流分配的相关假设，提出次生瓶颈、拥堵干扰与渗透和分段化路段阻抗等基本概念和理论，来刻画拥堵交通瓶颈、拥堵空间排队等交通现象；其次，建立网络瓶颈识别算法和空间排队回溯算法，基于此构建考虑拥堵空间排队和溢出的增量分配算法，用于求解交通流分配的结果；最后，通过使用一个具有说明型的算例进行对比分析。研究结果表明：建立的瓶颈识别、排队回溯和增量分配算法可以识别路网中的瓶颈位置及其拥堵排队区域，并可计算得到各路段上的分段分配流量；与点排队只影响瓶颈路段的运行状况和均一的路段分配结果相比，可有效描述路网整体的宏观运行状态以及由于拥堵空间排队所导致的拥堵干扰与渗透现象；不同于“时间片”的伪动态交通流分配模型，新建算法的分配结果是“全时段”与“整体性”的路网宏观运行状态，包含了拥堵瓶颈的具体位置和空间排队的干扰与渗透情况；一般拥堵点排队模型和基于“时间片”的拥堵空间排队模型难以刻画拥堵干扰与渗透现象以及路网整体的宏观运行状态，故所建立的分配方法是对传统拥堵交通流分配的丰富和发展。     

紧急疏散情况下地铁车站动态瓶颈识别

随着城市轨道交通系统逐渐成网,地铁车站日渐拥挤,为了制定科学有效的紧急疏散方案,有必要预先找到车站瓶颈点。基于时间可靠度函数模拟乘客在紧急情况下路径选择行为,在此基础上引入M//G/C/C排队模型对车站排队系统各个服务台进行排队性能指标计算,找出潜在瓶颈点。以广州地铁3号线岗顶站为例,结合车站硬件设施尺寸数量,模拟计算最恶劣情况下乘客疏散过程,找到3处潜在瓶颈点,测算结果与实际观测情况相符合,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Capacity drops at merges: An endogenous model

The Newell-Daganzo merge model is not only very simple but also accurately reproduces experimental findings. However, the capacity downstream of the merge is an exogenous variable in the model. This is a serious limitation for merges that behave as active bottlenecks because their downstream capacity is a direct consequence of the merging behavior. This paper proposes an analytical model that extends the Newell-Daganzo model by incorporating, endogenously, the capacity drop related to the merging process. Two cases are investigated depending on the traffic states on the on-ramp. The model properties are analyzed and a sensitivity analysis is performed to quantify the relative contribution of the each parameter in the capacity drop. Finally, the extended Newell-Daganzo model is validated with experimental data coming from an active merge bottleneck on the M6 freeway in UK.     

我国新能源汽车的关键技术与发展瓶颈

介绍我国新能源汽车的技术路线格局、关键技术及主要产品,探讨新能源汽车的发展瓶颈,并提出相应的对策建议。     

基于元胞自动机的高速公路瓶颈交通演化仿真

为分析高速公路中道路瓶颈造成的堵塞现象,本文改进KKW (Kerner-Klenov-Wolf) 模型, 建立跟驰规则;综合考虑车间距和车速对车辆换道的影响,建立自由换道和强制性换道规则;并对高速公路中不同车流量条件下,道路瓶颈上游的堵塞区域分布、换道行为特征和车道上交通参数的变化情况进行仿真研究。结果表明：在给定的交通量条件下,汇流车道的拥堵区域长度处于动态平衡状态,不会随时间而变化,且道路瓶颈前的汇流行为会导致目标车道上严重的速度下降,汇流车道和目标车道上车辆速度变化趋同;从换道集群特征来看,道路瓶颈前因高交通流量形成的低速汇流车辆倾向于以小集团的方式统一进行换道,造成目标车道上剧烈的交通震荡;瓶颈消失后,交通恢复时间随进口交通流量的上升而线性增长。     

Quantifying travel time variability at a single bottleneck based on stochastic capacity and demand distributions

Travel time reliability, an essential factor in traveler route and departure time decisions, serves as an important quality of service measure for dynamic transportation systems. This article investigates a fundamental problem of quantifying travel time variability from its root sources: stochastic capacity and demand variations that follow commonly used log-normal distributions. A volume-to-capacity ratio-based travel time function and a point queue model are used to demonstrate how day-to-day travel time variability can be explained from the underlying demand and capacity variations. One important finding is that closed-form solutions can be derived to formulate travel time variations as a function of random demand/capacity distributions, but there are certain cases in which a closed-form expression does not exist and numerical approximation methods are required. This article also uses probabilistic capacity reduction information to estimate time-dependent travel time variability distributions under conditions of non-recurring traffic congestion. The proposed models provide theoretically rigorous and practically useful tools for understanding the causes of travel time unreliability and evaluating the system-wide benefit of reducing demand and capacity variability.     

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简单输入输出模型与冲击波分析是研究交通瓶颈问题的两种常用方法,本文着重分析两者的一致性。在数学推导中考虑到达需求与流出率的变化时,两者对于排队和延误的预测结果是一致的。在不同的交通和边界条件下,两者在拥堵形成至消散的任意时刻所得排队长度,拥堵时间等结果均是一致的。以往认为两种方法不一致的研究忽略了一些与背景交通密切相关的基本因素。实例分析说明正是这些基本因素使得这两种分析方法在不同流量－密度关系下都具有一致性。     

Development of analytical procedure for selection of control measures to reduce congestions at various freeway bottlenecks

Variable speed limit (VSL) and ramp metering (RM) affect freeway traffic operations in different ways and, accordingly, result in different effects on system travel time. The primary objective of this study is to propose an analytical procedure to help determine which control measure should be selected given different freeway bottlenecks and traffic conditions. The bottlenecks considered included an isolated merge bottleneck, a merge bottleneck with a closely spaced upstream off-ramp, and a diverge bottleneck with a closely spaced upstream on-ramp. Two RM and a VSL control strategies were considered, including the ALINEA, ALINEA/Q and feedback based VSL. The maximum achievable improvements in system efficiency by various control measures were calculated and the results were tested using modified cell transmission models. A coordinated control strategy that combined ALINEA/Q and VSL control was also proposed. The effects of VSL and RM control on system travel time at different freeway bottleneck areas were compared to identify the applicable conditions of different control measures. The analytical procedure was proposed for the selection of control measures at different bottlenecks and the ex-ante estimation of control effects were also discussed.     

高密度瓶颈交通流主动-回应汇入行为定义与建模

汇入行为是导致高速公路、快速路汇入区瓶颈失效的根本原因,也是引发车辆冲突、交通事故的重要诱因。基于上海虹许路汇入区高精度轨迹数据,在经典的3类汇入行为(自由、协作、压迫)分类基础上发现并定义了一类新的汇入行为:主动-回应汇入,即在目标车道插车间隙不足的条件下,汇入车辆通过横向偏移主动表达汇入意图,引发后车合作让行,从而实现汇入。由于传统的换道类型划分方法已不适用于描述瓶颈区汇入过程的复杂交互现象,因此根据汇入车辆的横向位置将汇入过程划分为4个时段,以目标车道后车让行的时段不同对4类汇入行为进行了重新划分。基于此对虹许路汇入区轨迹数据中的汇入行为进行分类,并比较主动-回应汇入行为与经典的3类汇入在汇入位置与汇入间隙变化分布的差异。进一步,采用风险空间理论判断目标车道间隙的可汇入程度,并结合混合高斯-隐马尔可夫模型实现对后车的让行意图识别,建立了主动-回应汇入模型。最后构建了瓶颈交通流仿真原型系统以验证模型有效性。结果表明:在宏观交通流层面,主动-回应汇入行为在汇入位置、速度和间隙的分布上与实证数据一致,均值没有显著差异;在个体行为层面,也能再现定义描述的"主动试探-两车博弈-回应让行"的过程。该研究成果对解析瓶颈交通流早发性失效机理、揭示汇入风险变化过程以及设计符合人类驾驶人交互特征的自动驾驶汇入策略均具有重要的指导意义。     

交通瓶颈下相序设置对路口交通状况影响分析

针对路段发生交通瓶颈时上游路段可能出现的溢流现象,在分析不同相序设置下进入交通瓶颈路段车流构成的基础上,应用车流波动理论,从进入交通瓶颈路段的车流与交通瓶颈通行能力间关系出发,分别就不同相序相同车流量以及相同相序不同车流量时交通瓶颈上游车流的集散波进行分析对比,将周期内不同的相序设置及车流量对交通瓶颈上游溢流情况的影响进行了研究,针对各种情况,得到通过改变相序避免溢流情况发生需要满足的条件。研究结果表明,在某些条件下,相序的变化对避免溢流现象发生的影响不大,而当满足一定条件时,通过改变相序设置可以有效的避免溢流情况的发生。