The impact of a new rapid transit system on traffic on parallel highway facilities

This study analyzes data of traffic crossing San Francisco Bay and passing through the Berkeley Hills via Caldecott Tunnel to determine the effect of the opening in 1974 of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART) transbay line. There was a sudden shift in trend lines in 1974; vehicle volumes dropped, transit patronage jumped, but total person trips in the short run followed roughly the trends of the previous eight years. Since 1974, the growth rate in person trips through the Berkeley Hills appears to have remained about the same, while transbay vehicle and transit traffic have increased at a more rapid rate. The increase in transit patronage is particularly noticeable between the morning and afternoon peaks and probably represents new trips by shoppers and sightseers. Whereas other factors, such as the increase in the price of gasoline between October 1973 and July 1974 may have contributed a little to the sudden change in the long‐range trends in 1974, it is believed that the major cause was the opening of the BART network to transbay travel.

     

中国交通运输经济发展与碳排放效率评价

为评价交通运输经济与碳排放绩效,探寻经济和碳减排双赢的改进路径,提出交通运输经济效率、碳排放效率及联合效率概念。针对中国30个省市区,以资本存量、煤类消费量、油类消费量、新能源消费量、从业人员作为投入要素,交通运输综合换算周转量和行业增加值作为期望产出,CO₂排放量作为非期望产出,采用RAM模型测度评估中国30个省市区的交通运输行业经济、碳排放及联合效率,探究3种效率的分布特征及变动规律,并利用非效率分解模型研究非效率来源,探索改进方向。研究结果表明：各省市区之间的交通运输经济效率、碳排放效率和联合效率均存在明显差异,且东部、中部、西部和东北地区呈现不同的梯度分布特性;2006~2016年的经济效率、碳排放效率及联合效率总体上可以分为2个阶段,第1阶段为2006~2011年,经济效率、碳排放效率和联合效率均呈波动上升,第2阶段为2011~2016年,经济效率、碳排放效率和联合效率轻微波动,并逐渐趋于平稳。非效率分解模型表明：能源过度消耗是经济效率、碳排放效率和联合效率的主要非效率来源;CO₂过度排放是碳排放效率和联合效率非效率的主要来源;行业增加值产出不足是经济效率和联合效率非效率的主要来源。这说明推广新能源,提升交通运输运营效率,革新交通减排技术是能够实现双赢的重要路径。     

ATIS 作用下弹性需求混合交通均衡的效率损失

在ATIS 用户和利己用户组成的交通网络中，利己用户遵循用户均衡原则选择出行路径，其目的是最小化自身出行成本；先进出行者信息系统(ATIS)用户遵循系统最优原则选择出行路径，其目的是最小化系统总出行成本. 本文基于ATIS 用户和利己用户路径选择原则的异质性，对弹性需求下该类混合交通均衡分配的效率损失进行探讨. 构建弹性需求下该类混合交通均衡分配的变分不等式模型，界定其效率损失上界. 结果表明，效率损失上界与用户均衡时社会总收益与社会总剩余之比相关，还与用户均衡时路段上ATIS 用户的流量与总流量之比有关.     

Measuring inefficiency in the Norwegian bus industry using multi-directional efficiency analysis

This paper deals with methods of measuring and analyzing efficiency in the transport industry. The aim of the paper is to introduce and demonstrate the advantages of Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis (MEA) in the case of cost data with limited substitution possibilities. For this purpose we reconsider the Norwegian bus data that has previously been analyzed using econometric models and Data Envelopment Analysis; Jørgensenet al. (1995, 1997) and Odeck and Alkadi (2001). It is shown how, using MEA, it becomes possible to disaggregate inefficiency into different components corresponding to different types of cost generating variables and thereby providing both managers of the bus companies and policy makers with more detailed information on possible improvements in performance.     

重庆市主城区滨江路交通功能分析及对策研究

重庆市滨江路周边地形交错复杂,交通建设耗费资本较多,但是发挥的功能却不尽理想,滨江路部分路段车流稀少,道路使用效率低,不利于带动周边经济发展。文中以重庆市主城区滨江路为例,分析滨江路周边用地性质规划,依据滨江路交通现状调查,进行交通功能分析。通过交通工程的方法,根据分析的结论,进行相应的对策研究,以提升滨江路利用率。