Can ports increase traffic while reducing inputs? Technical efficiency of Spanish Port Authorities using a directional distance function approach

The focus of this paper is on the productive efficiency of ports. We estimate a directional technology distance function using parametric techniques to analyze the production technology and technical efficiency of a set of Spanish Port Authorities observed over the period 1993–2012. Technical inefficiency is conceived as the ability of ports to simultaneously expand a given output and contract variable inputs while maintaining quasi-fixed inputs and other outputs constant. Thus, for containerized cargo we address the following question: Given the amount of quasi-fixed inputs used by the firm and given the volume of the other outputs (liquids, solids, non-containerized cargo and passenger traffic), could ports increase their containerized merchandise while simultaneously reducing their variable inputs? Similar questions are asked for solid bulk and non-containerized general cargo. Our results show evidence of technical inefficiency among the ports in our sample. In particular, if the ports operated efficiently, we find that containerized cargo could be expanded by an average of over 6.4%, with an equivalent reduction in variable inputs. Solid bulk cargo and general non-containerized cargo could be increased by 4.1% and 6.1% respectively, with corresponding reductions in variable inputs. An implication of our results is that there is ample scope for specialization on the part of ports with no increase in infrastructure costs. Given that large investments in infrastructure have been made in Spanish port over the last decade, this opens the possibility of moving towards a management model based on taking advantage of existing capacity rather than new investments.     

复线自动闭塞方向电路设计的一点建议

本文分析复线自动闭塞方向电路运用中存在的问题，并提出改进建议。     

DP2自升式平台环网电站关键技术研究

本文依托某采用环网电站技术的具有世界领先水平的DP2多功能自升式海洋平台实船项目，对这种非常规的动力定位系统的设计难点和要点进行剖析，重点介绍了平台环网电站在过载、短路等故障或扰动情况下的故障隔离和故障穿越技术，并列举了相应的解决方案，最后通过实船验证对该解决方案进行了论证和总结，供类似项目借鉴。     

钢筋混凝土框架楼群定向爆破拆除

介绍采用一次爆破拆除3栋钢筋混凝土框架楼房的设计原则、爆破参数及安全防护措施。由于被拆楼群周围环境复杂,1#楼沿楼体纵向采用自东向西逐段坍塌方式拆除,为2#楼的向南倒塌预留出空间,3#楼最后向南倾倒。详细介绍1#楼所采用的爆破方案及实施过程。在爆前预先切割横梁把楼体分割成相互独立的四部分,利用秒差雷管分别依次从东向西逐段进行爆破和解体。着重介绍了爆破切口高度的确定方法、钻孔爆破参数的选取原则、试爆方案的实施、起爆顺序的确定、预处理方法以及相应的安全防护措施等。     

基于小型圆阵的AUV方向定位算法的研究

水下小型无人系统AUV在海洋探测中起着重要，实现其精准定位与打捞有利于促进海洋经济的发展。传统的具有较高定位精度的装置如长基线等不方便装载与布置，定位效率不高。本文提出一种基于小型圆阵的AUV方向定位算法，被定位的AUV搭载声源，装载在船上的定位系统，采用半径为0.125m的水听器圆阵列，阵元个数为4，水听器阵列接收的信号通过多通道前端处理电路被采集，对每个阵元接收到的信号利用希尔伯特变换相位检测方法检测出各信号的相位恢复无幅度和相位失真的信号，然后使用具有超指向性的反卷积波束形成算法实现AUV方向的准确估计。水池实验表明，小型圆阵系统的相位反卷积波束形成定位算法精度高，定位平均误差为0.233°，主瓣宽度窄，波束平均宽度3.97°。便于装载，相比MUSIC算法具有更好的定位效果。     

Measuring the environmental efficiency of the global aviation fleet

This research analyses the environmental footprint of the airline industry in an attempt to highlight potential paths for improvement. We develop a directional economic-environmental distance function (DEED) which accounts for the production of both desirable and undesirable output and the potential for constrained increases in input utilization. This research applies the modeling framework to analyze the potential to reduce noise and airborne pollutants emitted by aircraft–engine combinations given the current state of aeronautical technology. The global aircraft–engine market is viewed from the regulatory perspective in order to compare the single environmental and operational efficient frontier to that of the airline carriers, and environmental objectives. The results of DEED are then applied in order to substitute the fleets serving Schipol, Amsterdam and Arlanda, Stockholm airports in June 2010 with the benchmark aircraft. The results highlight the inefficiencies of the current airline fleets and that the IPCC values of externalities are a magnitude of TEN too low to encourage changes in the global fleet hence the need for government intervention.     

我院开展定向越野运动的可行性分析

文章通过对南通航运职业技术学院学生身体素质分析以及天星湖校区的地理环境优势,结合定向越野运动的特点,认为定向越野运动在我院具有广泛的发展空间,应该迅速在校内以多种方式普及。     

An application of the directional distance function with the number of accidents as an undesirable output to measure the technical efficiency of state road transport in India

By using the directional distance function (DDF) of data envelopment analysis (DEA), this study measures the technical efficiency of 37 Indian state road transport undertakings (SRTUs) for the year 2012–13. We employ the DDF as a tool for analyzing a joint production function with both desirable and undesirable outputs (i.e., the number of accidents). A comparison between the results with and without accidents shows that several SRTUs have experienced significant changes in their efficiency scores as well as in their rankings after accounting for the undesirable output. This indicates the importance of including the number of accidents – a safety standard – as representative of the undesirable output in computing the efficiency scores of SRTUs. The results of the Tobit model indicate that SRTUs with greater vehicle productivity are more efficient under both conventional DEA and DDF approaches. We also employed zero-truncated negative binomial model to assess the factors influencing the number of road accident experienced by the Indian SRTUs and found that the accident count was significantly influenced by fleet utilization and vehicle productivity.     

单线计轴闭塞冗余半自动闭塞电路的研究

为保证自动闭塞设备故障情况下的行车安全，减少对行车的影响，设计了自动闭塞方向电路冗余半自闭塞电路。介绍了该电路的设计原理、改进方案及推广应用前景。     

Optimization of nonlinear control strategy for anti-lock braking system with improvement of vehicle directional stability on split-μ roads

In a hard braking on a split-μ road, the achievement of shorter stopping distance while maintaining the vehicle in the straight line are of great importance. In this paper, to achieve these conflicting aims, an optimal nonlinear algorithm based on the prediction of vehicle responses is presented to distribute the wheel braking forces properly. The base of this algorithm is reducing the maximum achievable braking forces of one side wheels, as low as possible, so that the minimum stabilizing yaw moment is produced. The optimal property of the proposed control method makes it possible to get a trade-off between the shorter stopping distance and the less deviation of the vehicle heading from the straight line. The special case of this algorithm leads to the conventional anti-lock braking system (ABS) which generates the maximum braking forces for all wheels to attain the minimum stopping distance. However, the ABS cannot control the vehicle directional stability directly. The simulation results carried out using a nonlinear 8-DOF vehicle model demonstrate that the designed control system has a suitable performance to attain the desired purposes compared with the convectional ABS.