利用残余力概念进行结构损伤识别

提出一种利用残余力进行结构损伤识别方法。用刚度损伤系数将有限元模型参数化来描述结构的损伤。用特征值和特征向量预测算法构造目标函数,利用两点交叉算子的二进制代码的遗传算法反复迭代优化刚度损伤系数,获得待测结构的损伤系数、损伤位置与损伤程度的信息。通过一个平面桁架对该方法进行验证,结果表明:利用残余力概念进行损伤识别所得结构的损伤系数与理论值很接近。该方法能够较准确地判断结构的损伤位置和损伤程度。     

亚临界淬火对LZ50钢车轴性能的影响

对LZ50钢车轴亚临界淬火前后的力学性能、晶粒度以及车轴表面残余应力的变化进行了试验,分析了亚临界淬火对LZ50钢车轴拉伸性能和表面质量的影响。试验表明,亚临界淬火对车轴拉伸性能无明显影响,然而车轴表面的残余应力变化很大,可由拉应力改变为压应力,而且通过优化加工工艺,表面压应力的增幅会更大,说明亚临界淬火能有效提高车轴的疲劳寿命。     

A design method of tensile triangles and low transformation temperature weld metal for reduction of stress concentration and residual stress of welded joints

Stress concentration and residual stress have a significant influence on fatigue life of welded joints. In order to reduce the stress concentration of welded joints, a mathematical design method of tensile triangles (MTT) based on bionics was applied to weld shape design. Accordingly, the stress concentration of various weld beads in the corner boxing welded joint and the fillet welded T-joint was dissected using our in-house FEM software JWRIAN. It was found that there existed a large stress concentration in the conventional welded joints, whereas those welded joints with elongated weld bead were accompanied by a lower stress concentration, especially for elongated weld bead with MTT design. Furthermore, among the weld shapes of the corner boxing fillet welded joint, the rectangle shape of weld bead had the minimum stress concentration factor (1.05). For the fillet welded T-joint with MTT design, the stress concentration of weld toe decreased dramatically with the increase of the index of designed shape, but there was a minor difference of stress concentration at weld root between the weld beads with MTT design. In addition, application of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metal utilizing martensitic transformation to the fillet welded T-joints can produce compressive residual stress at weld toe.     

Analysis of cross effect on inherent deformation during the line heating process – Part 1 – Single crossed heating lines

This paper describes the effect of previous heating on inherent deformation by a subsequent heating line, more specifically, the case of two heating lines intersecting (crossing) each other. The paper has been divided into two parts. In the first part, the case of single crossed heating lines is studied in detail. The second part of the paper, discusses the case of more than one crossed heating lines. The novelty of the work lies in revealing the cross effect and how, factors such as, for example, the heating condition and the plate geometry, influence the resulting inherent deformation of crossed heating. In addition, relationships to easily get these influences are provided. The results are suitable for a wide range of heating conditions and plate thickness.     

Assessment of fatigue strength of steel butt-welded joints in as-welded condition – Alternative approaches for curve fitting and mean stress effect analysis

Experimental fatigue data for butt-welded joints in as-welded condition and under constant amplitude tensile loading (secondary bending included) were analyzed using the nominal stress system and the notch stress system. Two approaches were used; a standard fitting procedure and minimization of the sum of squared perpendicular distances from a line with a fixed and free slope. In all cases, the latter method gave better agreement between the experimental and predicted fatigue life and fatigue strength. The analyses showed both with all broken specimen data included and with reduced data that the FAT225 curve, as recommended by IIW, might be too optimistic for the notch stress approach in the case of butt-welded joints in as-welded condition. It was also found that use of the local stress ratio instead of the applied stress ratio might explain many issues concerning current observations and apparent inconsistencies in reported literature.     

The interaction of tidal advection, diffusion and mussel filtration in a tidal channel

Time series measurements of flow and pigment concentrations (Chl) in the Menai Strait have revealed that the strong residual flow in a tidal channel ( 500 m³ s^− 1) transports phytoplankton from the open sea into the channel where much of it is consumed by suspension feeders, mainly in commercial beds of Mytilus edulis. The progressive depletion of phytoplankton along the channel results in a strong horizontal gradient of plankton and hence Chl. Tidal displacement of this gradient causes large (± 50% of mean) oscillations of Chl in the vicinity of the mussel beds. Vertical mixing by the strong tidal flows is sufficiently vigorous for most of the tidal cycle to ensure that downward diffusion can resupply the near-bed layer although there are indications of some transient depletion around slack water.This paradigm of the interaction of advection, diffusion and filtration determining the distribution of plankton and its supply to mussels has been encapsulated in a series of simple models forced only by boundary values. In the first, a 1-D model of tidal flow in the channel reproduces the principal features of the observed currents including the unusually large spatial change in phase of the currents and the variation of the residual transport with tidal range. The flow field from this physical model is used to drive a second model based on the advection diffusion equation for Chl with a source at the Irish Sea boundary and a sink over the mussel bed. This model illustrates the formation of a strong Chl gradient along the channel and simulates the amplitude and phase of the M₂ oscillations of Chl and the development of the M₄ variation apparent in the observations. This second model has been extended to 2-D over the mussel beds to allow investigation of the effects of water column mixing. The model indicates that only for a short period ( 30 min), close to slack water, is mixing sufficiently reduced to permit the development of a depletion boundary layer and then only within  1 m from the bottom, a result which is consistent with the observations.     

Controlled pipeline lateral buckling by reeling induced curvature imperfections

Expansion of pipelines installed on the sea floor due to the passage of high temperature and pressure hydrocarbons leads to lateral buckling. Interaction with a frictional sea floor can result in localization of such buckles, which must be controlled to ensure that the local bending is within acceptable limits. Periodic geometric imperfections introduced to a pipeline installed by reeling using the Residual Curvature Method are modeled and their effectiveness as expansion loops is evaluated. The imperfections are generated by allowing chosen lengths of the line to retain a small curvature by judicious action at the straightener. The model properly accounts for the complex interactions between geometric and material nonlinearities with frictional forces. It is demonstrated that as the temperature increases, the line can buckle in a snap-through manner, or can grow stably usually causing plastic deformation in its crest. The behavior is governed by the length, curvature, amplitude and periodicity of the imperfection, and by the lateral and axial frictional forces that develop. The effect of each of these variables is studied parametrically. Overall, the Residual Curvature Method is found to be a viable and effective method of controlling lateral buckling. The results provide guidance on the optimal periodicity, how to avoid snap-through buckling, and how to simultaneously minimize plastic bending.     

破损船体的剩余极限强度分析

基于ABS和DNv规范关于剩余强度规范要求,对船舶碰撞与搁浅的破损部位和范围的假定,考虑了发生碰撞与搁浅破损后,其船体梁剩余有效剖面的非对称性和可能发生不同程度倾斜的情况,采用结构共同规范(CSR)中的逐步破坏分析方法和船体梁非对称剖面计算模型,分别计算了散货船和油船破损船体在两种破损模式和不同倾斜情况下的剩余极限强度,并对不同破损范围的影响进行了分析和比较。研究结果为协调结构共同规范(HCSR)的制定提供了有价值的参考。     

Size effect on residual stress in low transformation temperature welded joints

It has been reported that low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metals are beneficial to generation of compressive residual stress around weld zone. In this study, the relationship among residual stress, size effect of LTT welded joints with different plate width and thickness as well as martensite start (Ms) temperatures was investigated by experimental and finite-element analysis. It was found that heat dissipation and thermal expansion coefficient of LTT weld metal had a significant impact on residual stress. Welded joint with a small plate width led to greater compressive residual stresses in the LTT weld, which was due to the lower heat dissipation and smaller thermal expansion coefficient of the LTT weld metal in due course of cooling process. Additionally, the finite-element analysis revealed that increasing plate width mainly affected the longitudinal residual stress, while increasing the plate thickness influenced all the residual stress components in the LTT weld. Furthermore, the LTT weld with a lower Ms temperature of 191 °C resulted in greater compressive residual stresses, and was less sensitive to the LTT joint size, as against the Ms temperature of 398 °C.     

ABAQUS–OlaFlow integrated numerical model for fluid–seabed–structure interaction

In this study, a new one-way integrated numerical model for fluid–seabed–structure interaction is established by integrating the finite element software, ABAQUS, and the open-source fluid dynamics package, OlaFlow. In this new model, the generation and propagation of ocean waves as well as the seepage flow in a porous medium are controlled by OlaFlow; concurrently, the wave-induced dynamic responses of a porous seabed and marine structures are governed by ABAQUS. The reliability of this new model is validated by an analytical solution and a series of wave flume tests. The comparison results show that the new established model has high reliability and feasibility. Finally, this new integrated model is utilized for investigating the wave-induced dynamics of a composite breakwater and its seabed foundation as well as to evaluate the residual horizontal sliding displacement of the caisson of this composite breakwater under wave impact. Because this new integrated numerical model can fully utilize the advantages of both ABAQUS and OlaFlow, it is expected to have broad prospects for application in engineering practice.