Inhalable railroad particles at ground level and subterranean stations - Physical and chemical properties and relation to train traffic

The paper compares PM10 concentrations in railroad environments with EU air quality standards and characterizes particle concentrations and particle properties in relation to train traffic. The results show that PM10 concentrations in ground-level railroad environments do not exceed the EU directive 24-h limit value, while on the platforms of the two subterranean stations PM10 concentrations were far above the outdoor limit value. Diurnal and weekly patterns in PM10 concentration could be identified, co-varying with train traffic intensity. The particle mass size distribution peaked at around 2-6 μm. The elemental composition of PM10 at the subterranean stations was dominated by Fe.     

Real-time bus route state forecasting using particle filter and mesoscopic modeling

In the absence of system control strategies, it is common to observe bus bunching in transit operations. A transit operator would benefit from an accurate forecast of bus operations in order to control the system before it becomes too disrupted to be restored to a stable condition. To accomplish this, we present a general bus prediction framework. This framework relies on a stochastic and event-based bus operation model that provides sets of possible bus trajectories based on the observation of current bus positions, available via global positioning system (GPS) data. The median of the set of possible trajectories, called a particle, is used as the prediction. In particular, this enables the anticipation of irregularities between buses. Several bus models are proposed depending on the dwell and inter-stop running time representations. These models are calibrated and applied to a real case study thanks to the high quality data provided by TriMet (the Portland, Oregon, USA transit district). Predictions are finally evaluated by an a posteriori comparison with the real trajectories. The results highlight that only bus models accounting for the bus load can provide valid forecasts of a bus route over a large prediction horizon, especially for headway variations. Accounting for traffic signal timings and actual traffic flows does not significantly improves the prediction. Such a framework paves the way for further development of refined dynamic control strategies for bus operations.     

Mesoscale high-frequency variability in the Alboran Sea and its influence on fish larvae distributions

This work analyses a multidisciplinary data set including hydrological and meteorological data, satellite images, and fish larvae abundance from a high-frequency experiment conducted along a north–south transect across the Western Alboran Sea anticyclonic gyre. Four consecutive occupations of the transect, crossing the frontal area, evidenced the high-frequency variability of hydrological structures and its influence on the latitudinal and vertical distribution of fish larvae in a period of a few days. The influence of dynamical processes on fish larvae depends on the location of the spawning as well as on the larval fish position in the water column. Wind induced upwelling and/or the southward drift of the Atlantic current transport larvae of neritic species, such as Sardina pilchardus and Engraulis encrasicolus to open sea areas. At the same time, these events bring about alterations in the latitudinal and vertical distributions of mesopelagic fish larvae. The species with a relatively surface distribution, as Ceratoscopelus maderensis, were transported and accumulated to the south of the Atlantic Jet (AJ), while those with a deeper distribution in the water column, as Maurolicus muelleri or Benthosema glaciale, would be upwelled and concentrated to the north. This study shows that it is difficult to extract conclusions about the mean or preferential distributions of fish larvae when one single/synoptic survey is considered and that time evolution of hydrological structures has to be considered in order to conclude.     

基于类间和类内方差的快速二维阈值分割法

为了提高二维阈值分割法的处理速度,提出二维类间方差最大法的快速实现方法.首先,将二维最佳阈值（s*,t*）的求解拆分成两个一维最佳阈值s*和t*的求解,并引入类内距离的定义,提出新的最佳阈值判别式.其次,将原二维直方图分成M×M个区域,合并每个区域为一点,并构建新的二维直方图,在其上应用本文改进的阈值判别式D（s*,t*）求解,得到分割阈值所在的区域编号.最后,在该区域内再次使用D（s*,t*）求解得到原始图像的最佳分割阈值.理论分析及针对不同信噪比的多幅图像的实验结果表明,本文方法的分割错误率低于原始二维Otsu法,且将原算法的时间复杂度由O（L4）降为O（L1/2）,空间复杂度由S（L2）降为S（2L）.      

轻型车与重型车高速公路比功率分布特征研究

在机动车油耗排放测算中,机动车比功率已经成为一个重要的参数.目前主要的油耗排放模型均采用比功率分布（VSP分布）结合油耗排放率的方法来进行微观油耗排放测算.为了将交通流状态与机动车油耗排放相结合,之前的研究已经对轻型车在城市道路上的行程速度与VSP分布之间的关系进行分析.本文将通过实例研究轻型车和重型车在高速公路上的VSP 分布特征.首先,采集轻型车和重型车在高速公路上实际运行的数据并以此建立轻型车和重型车的VSP分布;其次,对两种车型在高速公路上的VSP分布特征进行比较分析;最后,利用MOVES中提取到的油耗率,分析使用轻型车的VSP分布来进行重型车油耗测算所产生的误差.     

磨粒分布函数及可靠性数学用于部分弹流中接触：概率与磨损研究

本文提出一种实际机械中的润滑均为部分弹流状态的新观点.文中利用磨粒尺寸分布函数及可靠性数学方法解决了部分弹流中接触概率的计算和磨损规律,并进一步提出了设计计算时,接触概率的控制规范.     

Empirical analysis of heterogeneous traffic flow and calibration of porous flow model

Heterogeneous traffic flow, characterized by a free inter-lane exchange, has become an important issue in addressing congestion in urban areas. It is of particular interest in many developing countries, that experience a strong increase in motorcycle use. New approaches to the heterogeneous non-lane-based flow have been proposed. However insufficient empirical verification has been made to estimate vehicle interaction, that is necessary for an accurate representation of mixed-flow conditions. In this paper, we focus on the porous flow approach to capture the complex interactions. The parameters from this approach are estimated from empirical observations. Video data was recorded and processed to capture vehicle interactions at a number of road sections in Surabaya City, Indonesia. The specific behavior of each vehicle in the traffic flow was captured by developing the pore size–density distributions, analyzing the class-specific critical pore sizes, and producing the class specific speed–density and flow–density diagrams. The results reveal how critical pore sizes are based on pore size–density distributions, the flow diagram for each vehicle class, and how traffic flow relationships for motorcyclists and the other vehicles exhibit significant differences. It is concluded that the proposed approach can represent the specific behavior of the motorcyclist in heterogeneous traffic flow, in both the situations of with- and without an exclusive lane for motorcycles, can clarify motorcyclist’s behavior in terms of passenger car unit of motorcycle, and can therefore support policy making on the improvement of urban transport.     

基于数值分析的铁路真空断路器灭弧室的优化设计

“电气化铁道智能选相控制永磁操动真空断路器”是根据断路器的发展趋势结合电气化铁道的需求而研制的．根据牵引变电站的运行特点,通过对真空断路器基本组成元件真空灭弧室的讨论,分析真空灭弧室内部的电场分布,对其结构进行了优化,将瓷壳台放在静端并金属化,使瓷壳的凸台与屏蔽筒等电位,减小了卡圈狭缝处以及触头之间的电场的冲击,避免了灭弧室在长期的运行中被电场击穿的情况,大大提高了灭弧室的绝缘特性及其开断能力．     

城市道路人均行驶速度的概率分布规律

为了寻求合适的概率分布模型,准确描述间断流环境下路段人均行驶速度的变化规律,提出基于多源检测数据的人均行驶速度估算方法.选取正态分布及对数正态分布为基本形式,构建4种双峰概率分布函数.郑州市实际数据的拟合及检验结果表明,人均行驶速度的概率分布多接近N_N双峰分布及N_LogN双峰分布.考虑公交及社会车辆混行状态,通过模型对样本数据的适应性对比分析,结果表明,人均行驶速度概率分布规律在有公交专用道路段适合N_N双峰分布,在无公交专用道路段适合N_logN双峰分布.     

秦岭特长隧道内温度预测

通过对隧道及岩体中热传递的分析，应用传热学的基本理论和公式，推导出岩体和隧道的热移动模型基本方程式，并用它对秦岭特长隧道运营期间的温度进行了预测，其结果可为特长隧道的通风设计提供一些依据。