Optimal development of alternative fuel station networks considering node capacity restrictions

A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is the use of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV). As global GHG emission standards have been in place for passenger cars for several years, infrastructure modelling for new AFV is an established topic. However, as the regulatory focus shifts towards heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), the market diffusion of AFV-HDV will increase as will planning the relevant AFV infrastructure for HDV. Existing modelling approaches need to be adapted, because the energy demand per individual refill increases significantly for HDV and there are regulatory as well as technical limitations for alternative fuel station (AFS) capacities at the same time. While the current research takes capacity restrictions for single stations into account, capacity limits for locations (i.e. nodes) – the places where refuelling stations are built such as highway entries, exits or intersections – are not yet considered. We extend existing models in this respect and introduce an optimal development for AFS considering (station) location capacity restrictions. The proposed method is applied to a case study of a potential fuel cell heavy-duty vehicle AFS network. We find that the location capacity limit has a major impact on the number of stations required, station utilization and station portfolio variety.     

对美国史丹利工具产品的认证工作

按照第三方产品认证国际准则的要求,中铁铁路产品认证中心工作组赴美国对史丹利工具进行了产品质量保证能力的审查、评定及产品型式检验。介绍了该公司产品质量保证能力方面的特点,总结了对境外工厂产品认证审查的体会和建议。     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

铁路用防雷保安器产品认证日本企业审查

按照第三方产品认证国际准则的要求，中铁铁路产品认证中心工作组赴日本对山光社的铁路电子设备防雷保安器”进行了工厂质量保证能力的审查与评定。介绍了日本山光社在产品质量保证方面的特点，总结了对境外工厂产品认证审查的体会和建议。     

铁路用防雷保安器产品认证欧洲企业审查

按照第三方产品认证国际准则的要求,中铁铁路产品认证中心赴德国、捷克对铁路电子设备用防雷保安器制造商进行质量保证能力的审查、检验与评定。介绍了工作组对5个制造商质量保证能力和现场产品见证试验考察、认证情况,总结了开展产品认证境外工厂审查工作的体会并提出相应建议。