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J. R. Serrano F. J. Arnau V. Dolz A. Tiseira M. Lejeune N. Auffret 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(3):277-288
This article presents a two-stage turbocharged heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engine designed to fulfil the US2007 anti-pollution
directive. This directive imposes very restrictive limits on the NOx and particle emissions of HDD engines. In this work,
the possibility of combining particle traps in the exhaust line to reduce soot emissions with very high EGR rates to reduce
NOx emissions is considered. This new generation engine implements two-stage turbocharging in order to improve the bsfc when
the engine is working on steady conditions as well as to optimize the engine transient response. After carrying out the tests,
the results were analyzed and the engine settings were adjusted to maximise its behaviour and minimise pollutant emissions.
NOx and soot emission peaks were also analyzed at engine transient conditions in order to keep them under certain levels,
and thus maintain the overall pollutant emissions to a level that is as low as possible. In summary, a double-stage turbocharging
configuration can greatly improve engine driveability (between 23% and 36% depending on engine speed), while reducing NOx
emissions during transient evolution without increasing opacity peaks beyond the stated limits. 相似文献
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铁路内燃机车多级五代柴油机油 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
参照美国机车维修者协会(LMOA)、美国机车生产厂家GE公司和GM公司铁路内燃机车五代油的技术规格,确定研制的五代油暂行技术指标。通过一系列的性能筛选评定试验,包括氧化安定试验、青铜—钢摩擦磨损试验、四球磨损试验、转盘清净性试验和烟炱分散试验,经多次筛选,确定出五代油的配方。并进行L—38轴瓦腐蚀性和1G2高温清净性发动机台架试验。在为期20个月DF4D机车的现场行车试验中,对四代油和五代油两种在用油进行理化、红外光谱、发射光谱和铁谱分析,还对柴油机的动力组进行拆检:连杆轴瓦和活塞环称重、活塞清净性评分,综合考察机油的抗氧、抗磨和清净分散性能。行车试验验证使用五代油可以减少机油中烟炱凝聚的几率,降低粘度增长的速度。研究结果表明,研制的五代油具有较好的抗氧、抗磨和清净分散性能,粘度增长得以抑制,延长了机油的使用寿命。 相似文献
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Marine diesel engines emit particles that have a complex nature, being composed by carbonaceous particles, with size spanning from few nanometres to less than one micron, and inorganic particles of micron size mainly made by ashes and sulphates.On a global scale, international shipping is responsible for few percentages of the particulate matter emissions, which also affect climate, but the regional distribution of naval traffic suggests the insurgence of significant exposure risk for population living along the coastal areas, due to chronic exposure effects. Specific strategies should be implemented to reduce the emissions of all the components of particulate matter. This paper aims to present a survey on the current and innovative strategies to remove particles from marine diesel engine exhausts, along with a critical review of the most recent findings on ships emitted particles. Evidences on physical–chemical properties, toxicology and emission factors of the particles were reported. This survey indicates that several strategies can provide a significant reduction of particulate matter emissions from ships and integration between innovative after-treatment systems, ships design and operation procedures can potentially lead to overall reduction of more than 99% even with parallel fuel savings. 相似文献
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铁路内燃机车柴油机油中烟炱的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
烟炱颗粒团聚后形成的结构会使柴油机油的黏度快速增加,导致柴油机油报废。采用反射和透射扫描电镜对铁路柴油机油中的烟炱颗粒进行分析研究。研究表明:柴油机油中的多数烟炱颗粒都分布在20~70nm附近,团聚后形成烟炱结构一般都呈点状或短链状,在黏度大的油样中有少量的球状团聚;柴油机油的黏度与烟炱结构大小具有相关性,结构大的黏度也大;柴油机油中烟炱颗粒的主要成份为C,还含有少量O,Ca,S,以及微量Si,Al和P;烟炱颗粒的晶体结构具有很高的硬度;烟炱含量大于4%的油品抗磨性能明显下降。 相似文献
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If a vehicle that meets emission regulations operates sufficiently for a long time under low speed and low load conditions,
soot contained in the exhaust gas is accumulated on the inner surface of the exhaust system. This soot deposition problem
occurs frequently in all diesel cars. However, when a vehicle is placed under the conditions of sudden start and sudden acceleration
after city mode driving for a long time, the deposited soot is abruptly blown up with the soot produced during fuel combustion.
In the present study, the main cause of the abrupt outburst of deposited soot is investigated to overcome this adverse phenomenon.
First, we developed a method to quantify the amount of the exhausted soot particles (or the accumulated soot particles) by
measuring the opacity that represents the contamination level of the exhaust gas due to soot particles. Using this measuring
scheme for deposited soot, we found the critical conditions for engine speeds and load conditions at which soot particles
are emitted into the air without accumulation in the exhaust system using main muffler composed of three chambers. In order
to meet these critical conditions and thus to drastically reduce soot accumulation, the exhaust system using the main muffler
applied in this study must be designed to ensure that the flow velocity of the exhaust gas is higher than 62 m/s when the
back pressure at the exit of the turbocharger is under 0.08 bars. 相似文献
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The present work compares, on a fundamental basis, the performance and emissions of a diesel-engined large van running on eight legislated driving cycles, namely the European NEDC, the U.S. FTP-75, HFET, US06, LA-92 and NYCC, the Japanese JC08 and the Worldwide WLTC 3-2. It aims to identify differences and similarities between various influential driving cycles valid in the world, and correlate important cycle metrics with vehicle exhaust emissions. The results derive from a computational code based on an engine mapping approach, with experimentally derived correction coefficients applied to account for transient discrepancies; the code is coupled to a comprehensive vehicle model. Soot as well as nitrogen monoxide are the examined pollutants. Only the driving cycle schedule is under investigation in this work, and not the whole test procedure, in order to identify vehicle speed (transient) effects of the individual cycles only. The recently developed WLTC 3-2 is the cycle with a very broad and at the same time dense coverage of the vehicle’s/engine’s operating activity, being thus particularly representative of ‘average’ real-world driving. Even broader is the distribution of the US06, whereas particularly thin and narrow that of the modal NEDC. It is also revealed that the more transient cycles, e.g. the NYCC or the US06, are also the ones with the highest amount of engine-out pollutant emissions and energy consumption. Relative positive acceleration and stops per km are found to correlate very well with energy and fuel consumption and all emitted pollutants. 相似文献
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